CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study
As a means of communication, language takes an important role in our lives. Everyday, humans are always in contact or communicate with others. People need a good relationship with other people in their society surround them. It means that language can be used for doing social Interaction. It is impossible that a man lives without another.
There are three components in every communication process. 1) Participant (at least two persons or group), 2) Topic (what is talked about), and 3) Means of communication (form of symbol, sign, etc). As one of the three components, i.e. a means of communication, language which employs the system of sounds, signs, or symbols could be used to convey messages, to share ideas and feelings, or to influence people to do something, (e.g letter, advertisement, short story, etc). Short story is one of the ways for a writer to express ideas. It usually contains dialogues between or among its characters, and surely these dialogues are full of speech act.

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Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic field. It is the study of meaning and function of an utterance. Knowledge of speech may be used by interlocutors in their utterances. According to Austin in Levinson (1983:236) there are three kinds of acts: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is speech act of saying something. Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting something and Illocutionary act is the act of doing something, for instance, making statement or promise, issuing a command or request, asking a question, etc. Leech (1986:24) gives example about it: 	1. Locution: The speaker says to the hearer that x.
  (x brings certain words spoken with a certain sense and 				      reference).
	2. Illocution: In saying x, the speaker asserts something to the 		     hearer.
	3.  Perlocution: By saying x, the speaker convinces the hearer.
According to Searle in Levinson (1995:240) there have been found five basic kinds of Illocutionary act, those are: representative, directives, commisive, expressive and declaration.
 Illocutionary act includes direct and indirect speech, and could be in declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). Indirect speech is one in which the hearer has not directly caught the point.
The above explanation indicates how important speech act is in a language. It is based on that argument that the researcher made a further study regarding the type of act especially direct speech and indirect illocutionary act in the GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The problems of this research can be stated as follows:
1. What direct and indirect illocutionary acts are found in the GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?
2. What are the meanings of utterances used in illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?

1.3 Scope of the Study
In this research, the researcher makes a certain limitation to what was analyzed. The study focuses on illocutionary act especially direct speech and indirect speech act in conversation among the main characters in GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. Direct speech act is speech act that has the same intention as the utterance. While indirect speech act is speech act that indirectly contains the other intention. The direct and indirect speeches are usually in of declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). They include informing, requesting, questioning, promising, threatening, thanking, and apologizing.

1.4 Objective of the Study
Below are the objectives that the writer wants to achieve:
1. 	To identify the direct and indirect illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.
 2. 	To describe the meanings of utterances in illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

1.5 Significance of the Study
The result of the study is expected to give the following benefits:
1. 	A contribution to the researcher, by conducting the study, it is hoped the researcher gets more knowledge, especially about direct and indirect speech act.
2. 	To give additional knowledge for the students to study about illocutionary    acts. 

1.6 Thesis Organization
The discussion of the thesis is divided into five chapters. Each chapter consists of many sub-chapters and discusses a different topic, there are:
Chapter I: Introduction consist of background of the study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the study, and thesis organization.
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature consists of pragmatics and speech act.
	Chapter III: Research Method describes research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis.
	Chapter IV: Data analysis. It analyzes speech act especially illocutionary act which includes direct and indirect speech act.
Chapter V: In the last chapter, the writer gives the conclusions and suggestions for the future the research.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A theory is necessary in conducting a research. The theory is used to make the research much clearer. The researcher used some theories as the way to do analysis. In this chapter, the researcher explains the theories related to the research. Those theories are:
2.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics was firstly stated by Charles Morris in 1983. Morris in Levinson (1983:1) defines pragmatics as the study of the relations of sign to interpreters. Another linguist who also defines pragmatics is Leech. He says that pragmatics is a study of meaning related to speech situation (Leech.1993:6). According to Levinson (1983:3) pragmatics is the study of aspect of language then led to a very natural, further restriction of the term in analytical philosophy. Morris in Levinson says:
Pragmatics is the study of the huge range of psychological and sociological phenomena involved in sign system in general or in language in particular (the continental sense of the term) or the study of certain abstract concept that makes reference to agents; or the study of indexical or deictic terms; or finally the recent usage within Anglo American linguistics and philosophy (Levinson 1983:5)

Meanwhile, Yule in pragmatics states that there are four areas which pragmatics is concerned with:

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1.   Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning.

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Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by listener (or reader). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in these utterances might mean by themselves.
2.	Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning.
This type of study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to where, when, and under what circumstances.
3.	Pragmatics is the study of how to get more communicated than it is said.
This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make influences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. This type of the study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. It is said that it is the investigation of invisible meaning.
4.	Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance.
This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and unsaid. The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said (1996:3).
From the definition above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is a branch in linguistics which discusses the meanings of utterances and their functions, what is for and used for. In other words, pragmatics is an art in linguistics which focuses on utterances expressed by the speaker which is associated with its contexts.
Context is who is talking to whom, place, and time that is uttered in an utterance. Yule (1996:38-39) had mentioned the criteria of the context which is relevant to speaking situation, they are:
a.   Addresser (speaker, writer, or sender).
b.   Addressee (hearer, reader, or receiver).
c.   Audience.
d.   Topic.
e. Setting (time, place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act).
f.   Channels (written, telegraph, spoken, signs, etc).
g.   Code (standard language, or dialect, or which style is used).
h.   Message Form (chit-chat, debate, preach, sonnet, love letter, etc).
i.   Event.
j.   Genres (fairly tale, advertisement, etc).
k. Keys (the tone of the conversation, for example: serious or mocking).
l.   Purpose (goal and out come).
Leech (1993:13-14) defines pragmatics as follows:
There are some aspects of speech situation which are necessary to consider when someone tries to understand an utterance uttered by an addresser or addressee.

Those aspects are:
1.	Addressers and addressees
Leech refers addressers and addressees as matter of convenience, as s (speaker) and h (hearer).
2.	Context of an utterance
Context in pragmatics is any background knowledge that both addresser and addressee share. According to Sari (1988:191) Context is divided into some types, they are as follows:
a.	Physical Context
This context is related to the place where the conversation is conducted, the topic of the conversation, and the action performed by the addresser and addressee during the conversation.
b.	Epistemic Context
This context deals with the background knowledge of addresser and addressee.
c.	Linguistic Context
This context deals with the grammar of the language or linguistic structure of the language.

d.	Social context
This context is related to social relation between the addresser and addressee.
3.	The goal (s) of an utterance
Different form of utterance performed by addresser or addressee is meant to convey certain meaning and goal. This different form of utterance can be used to express the same purpose or vice versa.
4.	The utterance as a form of act or activity: a speech act Grammar deals with linguistic structure as abstract entities, for examples, sentence in syntax and propositions in semantics. While pragmatics deals with verbal act in certain context. It can be said that pragmatics studies language in more concrete level than grammar. The addresser and addressee, time and place are clear in pragmatics.
5.	The utterance as the product of a verbal act in pragmatics is the form of speech act. Because of that, utterance produced by addresser and addressee is included in verbal act.
Pragmatics studies many parts of language. It studies deixis, Implicature, Presupposition, speech act, and aspects of discourse structure (Levinson, 1983:27). In this research, the researcher focuses on pragmatics study; the focused is on illocutionary act especially direct and indirect speech act. Direct and indirect speeches are in the form of declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). Those include: Informing, requesting, questioning, promising, threatening, thanking, and apologizing.
Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that Pragmatics studies about the relationship between what we say, what we mean and what we understand according to a situation.

2.2 Speech Function
Speech act is closely related to language function that is the purpose of language use. Language function is not only determined by grammatical form, but also the context used to ask or command.
Van Ek and Trim (1991:23) classify language function into six categories:
1.	Giving and asking factual information, like asking a question.
For example: “Are you a student?”
The sentence above explains that the speaker or addresser asks to the hearer or addressee about the hearer’s status.
2.	Expressing and recognizing an attitude, like expressing an agreement or something.
For example: “I have same idea with you”.
This sentence means that the speaker agrees with the hearer’s idea.
3.	Influencing to do the action, like asking someone to do something.
For example: “Can you bring my clothes in washing?”
It means to govern the speaker’s partner to bring the clothes in washing.
4.	Doing social relation, like greeting someone.
For example: “Good morning, friends!”
The sentence means that speaker conveys the greeting to his/her friend in the morning.
5.	Building discourse structure, like beginning the conversation.
For example: “Hi, John! How are you?”
It means that John’s friend begins the conversation, by greeting (Hi) and using vocative (John).
6.	Developing communication effectiveness, like confirming an addressee.
For example: “Once again I tell you that I don’t steal your money!”
The sentence means to confirm the hearer that the speaker didn’t steal the hearer’s money.

2.3 Speech Act
Speech act is one of pragmatics studies. Speech act is human activity in language. It studies the way people act through their speech. According to Austin in Levinson (1983:236), Speech act can be divided into three types. They are locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the utterance of a sentence which determines sense and reference. For example in the sentence: I’m twenty three years old. This sentence means to inform addressee that the addresser is twenty three years old without any attention to perform an act or to influence the addressee. This act is also called the act of saying something. Illocutionary act is the making of a statement, offering, promising, in uttering a sentence by the virtue of the conversational force associated with it (or with its explicit performative paraphrase). Hufford and Heasley, (1990:243) who consider illocutionary act as an activity of language, say that:
Illocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a conversational system of social interaction. 

Illocutionary act can be seen in the sentence:	Could you open the door? The addresser utters this sentence to his friend. He does not only say the word but also requests his friend to open the door. Illocutionary act is divided into two types, those are:
1.	Direct illocution
Direct illocution of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a literal reading of grammatical form and vocabulary of the utterance (Hufford and Heasly, 1983:259). 
Vanderveken (1990:14-15) divides it into seven forms of sentences used to identify the direct illocutionary act, namely:
1.	Declarative sentence.
Example: The door is open.
 It is conventionally used to say how things are.
2.	Conditional sentence.
Example: He could do it, if he really wanted, and I would like that.
It is used to say with reserve and without a high commitment to the truth of the propositional content how thing will be later if certain specified or unspecified future facts exist.
3.	Imperative sentence.
Example: Close the door!
It is used to try to get the hearer to do something.
4.	Interrogative sentence.
Example: Are you sure?
It is used to ask question.
5.	Exclamatory sentence.
Example: How glad I am that he won!
It is used to express the speaker’s mental states.
6.	Optative sentence.
Example: If only it would rain.
It is used to express the speaker’s wish.
7.	Subjunctive sentence.
Example: Let there be rain!
It is used to express the speaker’s will.

2.	Indirect illocution
According to Searle in Leech (1983:49) Indirect illocution is illocution which is done indirectly through other illocutionary acts. In indirect illocution, a request is indirectly understood and to the hearer it is more polite than the direct illocution because the hearer does something without being commanded by others. In indirect illocution, interrogative sentence can be used to request someone to do something. While in direct illocution, imperative sentences are used to request or command.
For example: Do not you think it is time to go to mosque?
The sentence above is uttered by a brother to his sister because the time shows at 06.00 o’clock in the evening. The indirect illocutionary of the sentence is a brother asks his sister to go to mosque quickly.
Perlocutionary act is the bringing about of effects on the audience by norms of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance. According to Hufford and Heasley           (1990:260), perlocutionary act is the act that is carried out by a speaker when making an utterance causes a certain effect on the hearer and others. 
For example: There is a dog next to you.
This sentence brings an effect to the hearer like screaming or running. This sentence has perlocutionary effect to the hearer.
Based on the explanation above, Illocutionary act is one of speech which is very important because it helps people to do something not only saying it.
2.3.1 Performative and Constative
Austin (1962:1-11) distinguishes utterances containing a constative and performative utterance. Performative is the most important preliminary issues within speech act theory. Austin in Richard (1992:270) distinguishes between explicit performative and implicit performative. Explicit performative containing a performative verb, such as promise, warn, deny, which names the speech act or illocutionary force of the sentence. While implicit performatives do not contain a performative verb.
Austin (1962:1-11) says a constative utterance is a statement making utterance of which the truth of falsity can be confirmed using our knowledge of world. According to Hufford and Heasley (1983:236) constative utterance is one which creates an assertion and is often the utterance of a declarative sentence where its truth and falsity can be judged but is not performative.
For example: Chicago is in the United States. The purpose of this sentence is making statement. It is considered as reasonable or unreasonable utterance as it is confirmed to the world knowledge referring to the geography reference that is relevant to the object. The truth of the utterance can be figured out after confirming geography reference the utterance is true if it is true or conversely.

2.3.2 Kind of illocutions
There are five basic kinds of illocution of utterance that one can perform in speaking which are promoted by Searle in Levinson (1983:240), they are:
1.	Representatives / Assertives
This act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition such as asserting, concluding, announcing, and predicting.
For example:  I have been watching a movie that really got me.
The sentence means to assert that the addresser has watched the movie that really got the addresser.
2.	Directives
This act is to make the addressee do something. Such as requesting, questioning, ordering, inviting, and suggesting.
For example: I am hungry, give a plate of fried rice, please!
The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to do something that is getting food for the addresser. The sentence indicates a request.
3.	Commissives
This act aims at urging the addresser to do something such as promising, swearing, threatening, and offering.
For example: I promise I come to your house now!
The addresser utters the sentence to his friend. The addresser promises that he comes to her house now.
4.	Expressive
This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, praising and congratulating.
For example: You look so sweet today!
The addresser utters the sentence to her daughter. This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as praising.
5.	Declarations
This act is used to uphold a particular speech acts that effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborating extra linguistic institution as declaring war, christening, appointing, and firing from employment.
For example: I declare the war!
The general use the speech act to declare war as statement to the soldiers.
A different theory about speech act is also presented by Wijana. According to him, the speech is classified as follows:
1.	Direct speech act
It is conventional speech act that means as what is being talked. That is declarative sentence functioning to tell something. Interrogative sentence is a sentence that functions to ask something. And imperative sentence functions to order or command; invite (Wijana, 1996:30).
Example: 
(1)	Diana has six rabbits!
(2)	What are you doing?
(3)	Go away!
Speeches (1), (2), (3) are direct speech acts when successively is meant (1) to declare that Diana has six rabbits (2) asking what you are doing, and (3) ordering speaker’s partner to go.
2.	Indirect speech act
It is speech act that indirectly contains the other intention. Command can be utterances in declarative sentence or interrogative sentence. So that who is governed does not fell himself governed.
Example:
 Can you bring my car in the party?
It means to govern the speaker’s partner to bring the car.
3.	Literal speech act
It is speech act that has same intention with the word meaning formation (Wijana, 1996:32).
Example:
 Take that newspaper I will read.
It means to govern the speaker’s partner to take the newspaper.
4.	Non literal speech act
It is speech act which does not have the same meaning as the word meaning formation (Wijana, 1996:32).
Example:
 I feel coldness!
It means the speaker wishes the speaker partner to give a blanket.
5.	Literal direct speech act
It is speech act, which expresses sentence modus and has the same meaning as what the utterance intends. It means to govern imperative sentence, and ask something using interrogative sentence, etc. (Wijana, 1996:33).
Example:
(1)	They are good students.
(2)	Close the window!
(3)	Is it your dog?
Speeches (1), (2), (3) are literal direct speech acts when successively are meant (1) to report on that who is talking about is a good students, (2) ordering the speaker’s partner to close the window, and (3) asking whose dog it is.
6.	Literal indirect speech act
It is the speech act that is expressed by using the sentence modus, which is not suitable to the purpose of speech, but word meaning formation is in accordance with what the speaker means. In literal indirect speech act ordering is expressed by using declarative sentence or interrogative sentence (Wijana, 1996:34).

Example:
(1)	Your bag is bad.
(2)	Where is your paper?
In the first context, (1) a teacher is telling to the student that speech does not only give information but also contains indirect order, or indirectly command expressed in a declarative sentence.
Second context, (2) a student is telling to the student’s partner and it has the meaning to take a book which is indirectly uttered using interrogative sentence, and word meaning formation is the same as intended meaning.
7.	Non literal direct speech act
It is the speech act which is expressed using the sentence modus which is suitable with the utterance’s meaning, but word formation not the same as the meaning of utterance. The order is uttered using the sentence and giving information using declarative sentence (Wijana, 1990:35).
Example:
Close your eyes when the teacher is coming!
The sentence above is to govern the speaker’s partner to his friend to close his eyes when the teacher is coming. So, it looked polite.
8.	Non literal indirect speech act
It is the speech act, which is expressed by using the sentence modus and the sentence meaning is not suitable with the purpose, which will be expressed (Wijana, 1996:35). To govern a servant to wash the dirty clothes, an employer can use certain utterance.
Example:
The clothes are very clean.
The sentence means an employer orders her servant to wash the dirty clothes.

2.4	Illocutionary Force
		There are six components in each illocutionary force that serve to determine the conditions of success and satisfaction of all speech acts with that force.
1.	An Illocutionary Point 
According Vanderveken (1990 : 105), there are five basic illocutionary points of utterance there are :
a.	The assertive point is the condition that the propositional content represents as state of affairs. They are assertions conclusions, and descriptions.
b.	The commisive point is a condition where the propositional content is a future act of the speaker. They express what the speaker intends. They are promise, threats, refusals, and pledges.
c.	The directive point is a condition where the propositional content is the future act of the hearer. They express what the speaker wants. They are command, orders, request and suggestions.
d.	The declarative point is a condition which is brought into existence a state of affairs by representing oneself as performing that action.
e.	The expressive point is the expression of the speaker about a state of affairs. The express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow.
The illocutionary points is the principal component of illocutionary force is the component of that force an illocutionary determines how its point must be achieved on the propositional content in a successful performance of an act with that force.
2.	Mode of Achievement
		The mode of achievement of the illocutionary party of an illocutionary force is the component of that force which determines how its point must be achieved on the propositional content in a successful performance of an act with that force.
3.	Propositional Content Conditions
		Some illocutionary force impose the condition on the set of propositional that can be taken as propositional contents of acts with that force in context of utterance (Vanderveken, 1990 : 112).
4.	Preparatory Conditions
	In this, Vanderveken (1990:114) says that the preparatory condition determiner which proposition must presuppose when be performs an Illocutionary act, the speaker also expresses mental states of certain psychological modes about the sate of affairs represented by the propositional content (Vanderveken, 1990:117).
5.	Degree of Strength
	The mental states, which enter into the sincerely conditions of speech acts, are expressed with different degrees of strength depending on the illocutionary force.
From all categories, the researcher focuses on illocutionary act especially direct and indirect speech act which are promoted by Searle. Direct and indirect speech are in the form of declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding).

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

In conducting a research, a method is useful to get a valid result. Research method focuses on five units of discussion, they are: research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis. 
3.1   Research Design
The descriptive study is a study which purpose is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately (Issac and Michael, 1987:18).
In this research, the researcher uses descriptive method, because this research identifies the kinds of speech especially direct and indirect speech of the speaker’s utterances in GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

3.2   Unit of Analysis
The researcher focuses on the illocutionary act in GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.  The unit of analysis is direct and indirect illocutionary act that is found in the speaker’s utterances. 

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3.3   Source of Data
The data of this research are written data. The researcher collects the data from GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE downloaded from 
http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.
(April 6th 2007).

3.4   Technique of Data Collection
The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this research is documentation method because the researcher uses the short story to collect the data. Arikunto (2002:206) says that Documentation method is looking for the data about things or variables which are in the form of notes, transcription, book, newspaper, magazine, leafs, etc. The data collection technique applied the following steps:
1.  Finding the short story
2.  Reading short story
3.  Collecting the data indicating direct and indirect speech act
4. Selecting the speaker’s utterances that consist of direct and indirect speech act.

3.5   Technique of Data Analysis
After the data are collected, they are analyzed by using the following steps:
1. Categorizing the speaker’s utterance in the form of Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative sentence into direct and indirect speech act.
2.   Interpreting the meanings of utterances uttered by the speakers according to the function of Direct and Indirect speech act.

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS

	This chapter discusses the realization of direct and indirect illocutionary acts in the main characters’ utterances and describing their meanings on the Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The Face, based on Searle’s theory. 
	This short story is romantic story. There are three characters on that short story: Leanna, Mark and Malcolm. They have different character. Leanna has unsosializeable character. She can’t easy to know one another. It can be seen from such a sentence as (Page 4): “He greeted me so I had to replay but I didn’t smile”. It means that Leanna difficult to interaction with Malcolm. Another character of Leanna is she is a choosy girl. It can be seen from: 
(Excerpt 27 page 1): 	Mark		: “What’s your problem, Leanna?”
			Leanna 	: “No problem. It’s just that I like to choose 						who I share my mealtimes with.”
From Leanna utterance, it means that Leanna choose people that she really trust to share about her story. He is Mark her friend. Then, another utterance can be seen from:
(Excerpt 54 page 4): 	Leanna		: “I’m choosy about my friends. Don’t have 						a great many.”

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			Malcolm	: “I’m listening.”
From Leanna’s utterance it indicates that she really a choosy girl. Then, Leanna is a selfish girl. It can be seen from:
(Excerpt 87 page 4):	Malcolm	: “Help yourself.”
			Leanna		: “Thanks. But if I read a book, I have add it 					to my collection.”
It means that if Leanna wants to get something, she must have it.
The character of Mark is friendly man. It can be seen from:
 (Excerpt 1 page 1): 	Mark		: “What’s your problem, Leanna?”
			Leanna 	: “No problem. It’s just that I like to choose 						who I share my mealtimes with.”
By saying that question, it shows that he cares to Leanna. He tries to be a good friend. He really wants to help Leanna. Another character of Mark is he is an understandable. It can be seen from:
(Excerpt 37 page 2): 	Mark		: “Yeah. Could be stratregi. Maybe he 					fancies you.”
			Leanna 	: “Fancies me? But he’s old.”
			Mark		: “Only old enough to be your father.”
This utterance shows if Mark actually knows that Leanna needs father’s figure. Then, Malcolm character is carefulness. It can be seen from such an utterance:
(Excerpt 55 page 4): 	Leanna		: “I’m choosy about my friends. Don’t have 					a great many.”
		Malcolm	: “I’m listening.”
It means that Malcolm still listened anything what Leanna’s said. Malcolm is kindly. It can be seen from:
(Excerpt 86 page 1): 	Malcolm	: “Thank you.”
The utterance means that Malcolm wants to say thank you when Leanna helps him.
	From the dialogue, it contains full of speech act, especially direct and indirect illocutionary act. As mentioned in the previous chapter, illocutionary acts are divided into two types, namely direct and indirect speech act. Direct and Indirect speeches are in the form of declarative sentence (giving information), interrogative sentence (asking something), and imperative sentence (giving command).The result of data analysis will be explained in this chapter.

4.1 Direct and Indirect Illocutionary acts
In the analyzed short story, there are direct and indirect speech acts uttered by the main characters. They are displayed in the following table.
Table 4.1   Direct and Indirect speech acts
No	Speech Acts	f (frequency)	 %	
1	Direct	88	97.78  %	
2	Indirect	2	2.22  %	
	TOTAL	90	100 %	

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The table reads that 88 (97.78 %) out of 90 utterances produced by the main characters are direct speech acts, and the rest (2 or 2.22 %) are indirect speech acts. This implies that the main characters tend to produce utterances created in literal grammatical structures. When they talk to the other interlocutors they tend to employ speech acts which contain the same intention as the utterances.

4.2 Kinds of illocutionary act by Searle
	Based on the Searle’s theory, there are five basic kinds of illocution of utterance that can perform in speaking. They are: Representatives/Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressive and Declaration. In this study, there are only three kinds of illocution. They are Directives, Representatives and Expressive. They are displayed in the following table.
Table 4.2   Kinds of illocutionary act by Searle
No	Kinds of illocution	f (frequency)	 %	
1	Directives	35	38.9  %	
2	Representatives	52	57.8  %	
3	Expressive	3	3.3    %	
	TOTAL	90	100 %	

	The table reads that 35 (38.9 %) out of 90 utterances produced by the main characters are directives. It means that the main characters tend to produce directives in their conversation. Directives is act to make the addressee do something. They also tend to produce representatives as 52 (57.8 %). And 3 (3.3 %) are expressive.
	The following example of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts are taken from the data:
Direct Speech 
(Excerpt 1 page 1): 		Mark		: “What’s your problem, Leanna?”
Leanna 	: “No problem. It’s just that I like to choose who I share my mealtimes with.”
		Situation	: Malcolm stopped at the table Leanna was sharing with Mark from Proof reading, and asked if he might sit down. Leanna said the seats were taken and continued eating. He apologized and took his tray off somewhere else.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act 			    because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical 		   structure which contains the same intention as the utterances.
The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it begins with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.

	Mark		: “Asked your name.”
(Excerpt 2 page 1):	Leanna 	: “He what?”
	Mark 		: “Yeah.”
	Situation 	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
	The utterance is a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark. In written language when it occurs in spoken language, possibly it is realized in its prosody, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 3 page 1):	Leanna		: “What’d you say?”
		Leanna 	: “Leanna, of course.”
	Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
	It is a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it begins with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 4 page 2):	Leanna		: “Someone he knew?”
	Mark	: “Yeah. Could be strategy. Maybe he fancies you.”
	Situation	: Leanna folded the newspaper.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark. In written language when it occurs in spoken language, possibly it is realized in its prosody, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 5 page 2):		Malcolm	: “Have you been there?”
		Leanna		: “Been where?”
		Situation	: The tables were all pretty full. Malcolm said bon appetit and began to eat. Leanna had always thought he picked at his food.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark. It is realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
Indirect Speech
(Excerpt 1 page 2):	Malcolm	: “Well, I suppose one of us should press the button or we’ll here all day, won’t we?”
			Situation 	: Leanna and Malcolm got into the lift. Malcolm greeted Leanna and she had to replay but she didn’t smile. They were alone and that worried Leanna. She wondered whether she should get out at the next floor and walk up the stairs to the canteen.
			The utterance is an indirect speech act because this act indirectly contains the other intention. A request is indirectly understood and the hearer does something without being commanded by others. It is classified as a requesting act and it ends with a question mark, and thus realized as an Imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to do something that is to open the lift. Then the sentence indicate question. Imperative sentence can be used to request someone to do something. 
	Malcolm	: “I thought perhaps it was a daughter.”
(Excerpt 2 page 6):	Leanna		: “Beg your pardon?”
		Leanna		: “A daughter. Me.”
		Situation 	: One lunchtime Leanna decided to brave it and ask Malcolm who she reminded him of. Malcolm told long stories about his wife and his child that he didn’t know.
		The utterance is an indirect speech. It is an indirect speech act because this act indirectly contains the other intention. A request is indirectly understood and the hearer does something without being commanded by others. It is classified as a requesting act and it ends with a question mark, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Imperative sentence can be used to request someone to do something. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to do something. That is to repeat Malcolm’s statement.
		
4.3 The meaning of the main character’s utterances
Based on the function, direct speech acts could be categorized into questioning, informing, requesting, thanking, and apologizing. The categorization does indicate the meaning of any utterance uttered by the characters.
 4.3.1 Direct Speech Function
The Speech Function created in the data could be displayed in the table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Direct speech function
No	F (Function)	f (frequency)	%	
1	Questioning	26	29.54%	
2	Informing	52	59.1%	
3	Requesting	7	7.95 %	
4	Thanking	2	2.27 %	
5	Apologizing	1	1.14 %	
	TOTAL	88	100 %	

Table 4.3 shows that 52 (59.1%) out of the utterances are informing act. This means that the main characters tend to produce informing acts in their conversation. They also tend to produce questioning acts as 26 (29.54%) out of the whole utterances are questioning acts. On the contrarily the main characters produce requesting act 7 (7.95%), thanking act 2 (2.27%) and 1 (1.14%) apologizing act. Few utterances labeled under thanking category (2.27%) possibly because the role in demanding or giving certain commodities are also few. Similar to utterances thanking category, there is even only one utterance under apologizing category. This may mean that there is no conflict among the characters in short story that no one needs to apologize. 
The following examples of direct and indirect speech function are taken from the data:
1. Direct questioning
(Excerpt 1 page 1):	Mark		: “What’s your problem, Leanna?”
	Leanna 	: “No problem. It’s just that I like to choose who I share my mealtimes with.”
	Situation	: Malcolm stopped at the table Leanna was sharing with Mark from Proof reading, and asked if he might sit down. Leanna said the seats were taken and continued eating. He apologized and took his tray off somewhere else.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it begins with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
	Mark		: “Asked your name.”
(Excerpt 2 page 1):	Leanna 	: “He what?”
	Mark 		: “Yeah.”
	Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
	It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark, and realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 3 page 1):	Leanna		: “What’d you say?”
		Leanna 	: “Leanna, of course.”
	Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark, and realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 4 page 2):	Leanna		: “Someone he knew?”
	Mark 	: “Yeah. Could be strategy. Maybe he fancies you.”
	Situation	: Leanna folded the newspaper.
	The utterance is a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
(Excerpt 5 page 2):		Malcolm	: “Have you been there?”
		Leanna		: “Been where?”
		Situation	: The tables were all pretty full. Malcolm said bon appetit and began to eat. Leanna had always thought he picked at his food.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark. It is realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question.
2. Direct Informing	
	Mark		: “What’s your problem, Leanna?”
(Excerpt 27 page 1):	Leanna 	: “No problem. It’s just that I like to choose who I share my mealtimes with.”
	Situation	: Malcolm stopped at the table Leanna was sharing with Mark from Proof reading, and asked if he might sit down. Leanna said the seats were taken and continued eating. He apologized and took his tray off somewhere else.
	The utterance called as a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as an informing act and realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. The sentence means that there is no problem with the addresser.
(Excerpt 28 page 1):	Leanna	: “A bit rough on the old chap though.”
	Situation	: Mark had gone over to scrounge a cigarette. By the time he came back to the table. Leanna had her head stuck into the news-paper.
	It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act. It is realized as declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.
(Excerpt 29 page 1):	Mark	: “Interesting chap. Sub editor. Been all over the world.”
	Situation	: Mark had gone over to scrounge a cigarette. By the time he came back to the table. Leanna had her head stuck into the news-paper.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as an informing act. It is realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. 
	Leanna		: “He what?”
(Excerpt 30 page 1):	Mark 		: “Yeah.”
	Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It is classified as an informing act. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act and it is realized as declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. 
	Leanna		: “What’d you say?”
(Excerpt 31 page 1):	Leanna 	: “Leanna, of course.”
	Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper.
	It is a direct speech act. The speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act. It is realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. 
3. Direct Requesting
		Malcolm	: “You left it in the lift.”
(Excerpt 80 page 3):		Malcolm	: “May I sit down?”	
			Situation	: There was a slap. Leanna’s book hit the floor. She bent down and so did he, and they bashed heads.
		It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance classified as a requesting act and it ends with a question mark, and thus realized as an Imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to get sit down in the chair. Then the sentence indicate request.
(Excerpt 81 page 4):		Malcolm	: “Help yourself.”
	Leanna	: “Thanks. But if I read a book, I have added it to my collection.”
	Situation	: After the reading and the curry dinner, Leanna went into Malcolm’s sitting room where there were more books than she had ever seen on anyone’s shelves. She began to read the titles.
		It is called a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act. It uses the first form of the verb to begin the sentence and it is used to command other people to do something and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to help herself. Then the sentence indicate request.
   		Leanna		: “Strange, same here.”
(Excerpt 82 page 4):	Leanna		: “But look where it’s got me.”
		Situation	: After the reading and the curry dinner, Leanna went into Malcolm’s sitting room where there were more books than she had ever seen on anyone’s shelves. She began to read the titles.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be further classified as a requesting act because it uses the first form of the verb to begin the sentence and it is used to command other people to do something, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to look where that is got her. Then the sentence indicate request.
(Excerpt 83 page 5):	Leanna		: “Go on.”
	Malcolm	: “She fell pregnant. I was very happy until she told me she didn’t want my help. Thought she’d change her mind, though, as the pregnancy advanced but when I attempted to see her, she told me to leave her be. I was very hurt but accepted her refusal to involve me. A few months later, I took a job I’d been offered in New York. Salary was dreadful but I thought it would be for the best.”
		Situation	: One lunchtime Leanna just decided to brave it and ask Malcolm who she reminded him of.
		It is called a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act because it is used to command other people to do something and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to tell the next story by saying go on. Then the sentence indicate request.
(Excerpt 84 page 6):		Malcolm	: “Let me in on the joke sometime.”
		Leanna		: “Okay.”
Situation	: Malcolm looked at Leanna.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be further classified as a requesting act. It is used to command other people to do something, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to let him make the joke sometime. Then the sentence indicate request.
4. Direct Thanking
 (Excerpt 86 page 6):	Malcolm	: “Thank you.”
	Situation	: The tray didn’t just hit the floor. It crashed and smashed Malcolm’s lunch to pieces. Suddenly Leanna got up and moved towards Malcolm.
	It is called a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a thanking act, because it is used to say thank to other people, and thus realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Expressive illocutionary act, because this act express the addresser’s psychological state. Malcolm utters thank you to Leanna. This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state a thanking.
		Malcolm	: “Help yourself.”
(Excerpt 87 page 6):	Leanna	: “Thanks. But if I read a book, I have added it to my collection.”
Situation	: After the reading and the curry dinner, Leanna went into Malcolm’s sitting room where there were more books than she had ever seen on anyone’s shelves. She began to read the titles.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances, and can be further classified as a thanking act because it is used to say thank to other people, and thus realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Expressive illocutionary act, because this act express the addresser’s psychological state. Leanna say thanks to Malcolm. This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as thanking.
5. Direct Apologizing
  (Excerpt 88 page 6):	Malcolm	: “I’m so sorry to disappoint you, Leanna.”
	Malcolm 	: “We’re not related but we can be something else.”
			Situation	: Malcolm looked at Leanna.
	It is called a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a thanking act because it is used to say apologize to other people, and realized as a declarative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Expressive illocutionary act, because this act express the addresser’s psychological state. Malcolm say sorry to Leanna. This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as apologizing.
In Indirect Speech Function, there are only two requesting act.
The following examples of indirect speech function are taken from the data:
4.3.2 Indirect Speech Act
1. Indirect Requesting
(Excerpt 1 page 6):	Malcolm	: “Well, I suppose one of us should press the button or we’ll here all day, won’t we?”
			Situation	: Leanna and Malcolm got into the lift. Malcolm greeted Leanna and she had to replay but she didn’t smile. They were alone and that worried Leanna. She wondered whether she should get out at the next floor and walk up the stairs to the canteen.
			The utterance is an indirect speech. It is called indirect speech act because the speaker uttered a request which is indirectly understood and to the hearer does something without being commanded by others. It is classified as requesting act, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to do something that is to open the lift. Then the sentence indicate question. Imperative sentence can be used to request someone to do something. 
	Malcolm		: “I thought perhaps it was a daughter.”
(Excerpt 2 page 6):	Leanna		:  “Beg your pardon?”
		Leanna		:  “A daughter. Me.”
		Situation	: One lunchtime Leanna decided to brave it and ask Malcolm who she reminded him of. Malcolm told long stories about his wife and his child that he didn’t know.
			The utterance called indirect speech act because the speaker uttered a request which is indirectly understood and to the hearer does something without being commanded by others. It is classified as requesting act, and realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser wants the addressee to do something that is to open the lift. Then the sentence indicate question. Imperative sentence can be used to request someone to do something. 

4.3.3 Sentence Type
All the speech function could be in declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentence. The table below showed the frequency of sentence type.
Table 4.4   Sentence type
No	Sentence Type	f (Frequency)	 % 	
1	Declarative	52	59.78 %	
2	Interrogative	26	29.88 %	
3	Imperative	9	  10.34 %	
	TOTAL	87	100 %	

Table 4.4 shows the sentence type of direct and indirect speech act, indicated by declarative sentence 52 (59.78 %) and interrogative sentence 26 (29.88 %), and imperative sentence 9 (10.34 %). The declarative sentence has the biggest frequency. It can be said that the sentence type was dominated by declarative sentence.
The following examples of sentence type are taken from the data:

1. Declarative
(Excerpt 32 page 1):	Leanna		: “I’ve loads of work this afternoon.”
	Mark	: “Said you look familiar.”
		Situation	: Leanna folded the newspaper.
The utterance called a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act. Based on Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. The sentence means that Leanna have loads of work tat afternoon and it realized as a declarative sentence.
Leanna		: “Someone he knew?”
(Excerpt 35 page 2):	Mark	: “Yeah. Could be strategy. Maybe he fancies you.”
		Situation	: Leanna folded the newspaper.
It is a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be classified as an informing act. Based on Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition.  It is realized as declarative sentence.
	Leanna		: “Fancies me? But he’s old.”
(Excerpt 37 page 2):	Mark 	: “Only old enough to be your father.”
		Situation	: Leanna folded the newspaper.
The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be classified as an informing act. Based on Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. The sentence means that Mark says to Leanna If Malcolm only old enough to be Leanna’s father .And it realized as declarative sentence.
(Excerpt 38 page 3):		Mark		: “You left it in the lift.”
Mark		: “May I sit down?”
Situation	: There was a slap. Leanna’s book hit the floor. She bent down and so did he, and they bashed heads.
The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act. Based on Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. The sentence means that Leanna’s book left in the lift. It is realized as declarative sentence.
Leanna		: “Been where?”
(Excerpt 39 page 3):		Malcolm	: “Australia, New Zealand.”
Situation	: Leanna was totally dazed. From dropping her book and banging her head and everything.
It is called as a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as an informing act. Based on Searle’s categories, it is called Representatives illocutionary act, because this act explains the situation, which commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition. This sentence means that Malcolm answer the Leanna’s question by saying Australia, New Zealand. And it is realized as declarative sentence.
2. Interrogative
(Excerpt 5 page 3):		Malcolm	: “Have you been there?”
Leanna		: “Been where?”
Situation	: The tables were all pretty full so she nodded. Malcolm said bon appetit and began to eat.
	It is called a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. Then the sentence indicate question. The sentence means Malcolm ask to Leanna Have Leanna been Australia.
(Excerpt 7 page 3):	Leanna	: “Afterwards, I’ll cook us curry. Do you like it?”
	Leanna		: “Love it.”
Situation	: Leanna wanted very much to go. But although she no longer thought Malcolm quite so weird, she wasn’t sure if she wanted to go out in his company.
	The utterance called a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question mark, and realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. The sentence means that Leanna ask to Malcolm by saying do you like it?
(Excerpt 8 page 4):	Malcolm	: “Me too. Settled then?”
		Leanna 	: “Help yourself.”
Situation	: Leanna wanted very much to go. But although she no longer thought Malcolm quite so weird, she was n’t sure if she wanted to go out in his company.
	The utterance called as a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. The sentence means that Malcolm asks a question to Leanna.
(Excerpt 9 page 4):	Leanna		: “Are you?”
	Malcolm	: “Am I what?”
	Situation 	: Leanna turned and pulled out a book.
	It is called direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. The sentence means that Leanna asking question to Malcom.
(Excerpt 11 page 4):	Malcolm	: “Lonely?”
	Situation 	: Leanna turned and pulled out a book.
	The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance classified as a questioning act because it ends with a question word, and thus realized as an Interrogative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called directives illocutionary act, because the sentence means that the addresser asking something with the addressee. The sentence means Malcolm ask lonely with Leanna.

3. Imperative
(Excerpt 79 page 2):	Mark		: “Asked your name.”
	Leanna 	: “He what?”
			Situation	: Leanna decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act because it begins with the first form of the verb to begin the sentence and it is used to command other people to do something, and realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that Mark want to addressee mentions her name.
(Excerpt 81 page 4):		Malcolm	: “Help yourself.”
	Leanna	: “Thanks. But if I read a book, I have added it to my collection.”
	Situation	: After the reading and the curry dinner, Leanna went into Malcolm’s sitting room where there were more books than she had ever seen on anyone’s shelves. She began to read the titles.
		It is called as a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act because it is used to command other people to do something, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that Malcolm command to Leanna to help herself.
   		Leanna		: “Strange, same here.”
(Excerpt 82 page 4):	Leanna		: “But look where it’s got me.”
	Situation	: After the reading and the curry dinner, Leanna went into Malcolm’s sitting room where there were more books than she had ever seen on anyone’s shelves. She began to read the titles.
		The utterance is a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act because it is used to command other people to do something, and realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. This sentence means that Leanna command to Malcolm to look Leanna.
(Excerpt 83 page 4):	Leanna		: “Go on.”
	Malcolm	: “She fell pregnant. I was very happy until she told me she didn’t want my help. Thought she’d change her mind, though, as the pregnancy advanced but when I attempted to see her, she told me to leave her be. I was very hurt but accepted her refusal to involve me. A few months later, I took a job I’d been offered in New York. Salary was dreadful but I thought it would be for the best.”
		Situation	: One lunchtime Leanna just decided to brave it and ask Malcolm who she reminded him of.
It is called as a direct speech. It is a direct speech act because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. The utterance can be further classified as a requesting act because it is used to command other people to do something, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. This sentence means that Leanna command to Malcolm to tell the next story.
(Excerpt 84 page 6):		Malcolm	: “Let me in on the joke sometime.”
		Leanna		: “Okay.”
Situation	: Malcolm looked at Leanna.
		The utterance is a direct speech because the speaker uttered the utterance in a literal grammatical structure which contains the same intention as the utterances. It can be classified as a requesting act because it is used to command other people to do something, and thus realized as an imperative sentence. Based on the Searle’s categories, it is called Directives illocutionary act, because this act is to make the addressee to do something. The sentence means that Malcolm want to make the joke sometime. And Malcolm command to Leanna to understand that he better be her friend.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion
	Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic Field. It is the study of the meaning and function of an utterance. In the investigation, the writer analyzes direct and indirect speech act in Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The Face. As the result the writer concludes several statements, they are:
1.	The speakers in the Glynis Gertsch’s short story tend to employ direct speech act (97.78 %) rather than indirect speech act (2.22 %).
2.	The speakers produced utterances to question 26 (29.54 %), to inform 52 (59.1 %), to request 7 (7.95 %), to thank 2 (2.27 %), and to apologize 1 (1.14 %). 
3.	In line with conclusion no. 2 the speakers in fact produced utterances labelled under declarative category (59.78 %), interrogative (29.88 %), and imperative  (10.34 %).
5.2 Suggestion
	After analysing Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The Face, the writer would like to give the following suggestions for other researchers.
1.	
63

A study on illocutionary act only seems to be not enough. So it would complete and challenging if any researcher would also analyze the other two acts, locutionary and perlocutionary acts.
2.	A study on illocutionary act is a part of pragmatics study. That is why it would be more lively if similar study could employ naturally occurring data. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Arikunto, Suharsini. 2002. Prosedure penelitian Sosiolinguistik: Suatu pendekatan praktis. Jakarta. PT. Bina Aksara.
Austin, J. L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford New York. Oxford University Press.
Hurford, James R. and Brendan Heasly. 1983. Semantic: A course book London: Crambridge University Press.
Issac, Steven and William B. Michael. 1987. Handbook in Research and Evaluation. San Diego: Ediths Publishers
Leech, Geoffrey. 1986. Principles of Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman
Leech, Geoffrey.1983. Prinsip-Prinsip Pragmatik. Jakarta. Penerbit UI.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
NN. 2002. Staring Me In The Face. 
	http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.  
	(April 6th 2007)
Parker, Frank.1986. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. London: Taybor & Francis Ltd
Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud
Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts. New York: John Hopkins University Press.
Vanderveken, Daniel. 1990. Meaning and Speech Acts. Vol. 1 Principles of Language Use. Cambridge University Press
Van Ek and Trim, Jacob. 1991. Pengantar Metodologi untuk Ilmu-Ilmu Empiris. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Gramedia.
Wijana, I Dewa Putu. 1996. Dasar-Dasar Pragmatik. Yogyakarta: Andi
Yule, George. 1996.  Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

65

APPENDIX I

A.	Direct Speech Act
No
	Function
	Page
	Speakers
	Excerpt
	
1
	Quest (Dir)
	1
	Mark
	"What's your problem, Leanna?"
	
2
	
	1
	Leanna
	"He what?"
	
3
	
	1
	Leanna
	"What’d you say?"
	
4
	
	2
	Leanna
	"Someone he knew?'
	
5
	
	3
	Malcolm
	"Have you been there?"
	
6
	
	3
	Leanna
	"Been where?"
	
7
	
	3
	Leanna
	"Afterwards, I'll cook us curry. Do you like it?"
	
8
	
	4
	Malcolm
	"Me too. Settled then?"
	
9
	
	4
	Leanna
	"Are you?"
	
10
	
	4
	Malcolm
	"Am 1 what?"
	
11
	
	4
	Malcolm
	"Lonely?"
	
12
	
	4
	Leanna
	'Not really but what?"
	
13
	
	4
	Leanna
	"What was he like?"
	
14
	
	4
	Leanna
	"Where'd you meet him?"
	
15
	
	5
	Leanna
	"And then?"
	
16
	
	5
	Leanna
	"Why didn't you marry him?"
	
17
	
	5
	Leanna
	"What else did he look like, mom?"
	
18
	
	5
	Leanna
	"Was she studying too?"
	
19
	
	5
	Leanna
	"What were you like?"
	
20
	
	5
	Leanna
	"Was it?"

21
	
	6
	Leanna
	"So you never knew whether it was a boy or...?"
	
22
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"A girl?"
	
23
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"You thought I was...your father?"
	
24
	
	6
	Leanna
	"What?"
	
25
	
	6
	Leanna
	"Can't you think of anything?"
	
26
	
	6
	Leanna
	"Friends?"

27
	
Inform (Rep)
	
1
	
Leanna
	"No problem. It's just that I like to choose who I share my mealtimes with."
	
28
	
	1
	Leanna
	"A bit rough on the old chap though."
	
29
	
	1
	Mark
	"Interesting chap. Sub-editor. Been all over the world."
	
30
	
	1
	Mark
	"Yeah."
	
31
	
	1
	Leanna
	"Leanna, of course."
	
32
	
	1
	Leanna
	"I've loads of work this afternoon."
	
33
	
	1
	Mark
	"Said you look familiar."
	
34
	
	1
	Mark
	"Like someone he knew."
	
35
	
	2
	Mark
	"Yeah. Could be strategy. Maybe he  fancies you."
	
36
	
	2
	Leanna
	"Fancies me? But he's old."
	
37
	
	2
	Mark
	"Only old enough to be your father."
	
38
	
	3
	Malcolm
	"You left it in the lift."
	
39
	
	3
	Malcolm

66

	"Australia, New Zealand."
	
40
		3
	Malcolm
	"Not such a strange question."

41		3
	Malcolm
	"You're old enough to have traveled there. And Katlierine Mansfield, Janet Frame,  are most likely in the book."
	
42
43		3
	Leanna
	"No, I haven't and yes; they are."
	
43
44		3
	Mark
	"He's easy to talk to. And he reads a lot."
	
44
		3
	Mark
	"You two got so much to say, I don't get a chance to open my mouth all lunch-time."
	
45
		3
	Mark
	"You do. You shove food in."
	
46
		3
	Leanna
	"Um. Don't know"

47
48		3
	Malcolm
	"Amelia Turner. Short listed for the Booker Prize last year."
	
48
		4
	Leanna
	"Love it."
	
49
		4
	Leanna
	"Strange, same here."
	
50
		4
	Leanna
	"But look where it's got me."

51
		4
	Malcolm
	"I'd hate to be without books. They're....friends."
	
52
		4
	Malcolm
	"That sounds like lonely."
	
53
		4
	Malcolm
	"Not really."

54
		4
	Leanna
	"I'm choosy about my friends. Don't have a great many."
	
55
		4
	Malcolm
	"I'm listening."

56		4
	Leanna
	"My childhood was...I mean, my mother loved moving around. She had no trouble putting down roots all over the place. I hated it ! Books were the constant things, so I buried myself in them."
	
57
		4
	Malcolm
	"Hell, sounds familiar."
	
58
		4
	Malcolm
	"I had very academic parents."

59
		4
	Malcolm
	"Was an afterthought, perhaps a mistake even. They loved me in their vague intellectual way but left me alone to get on with growing up. Hence the books."
	
60
		4
	Leanna
	"That's lonely, too."
	
61
		5
	Malcolm
	"Met her while I was a student."

62
		5
	Malcolm
	"Oh, heavens, no. That was what attracted me to her. She was....so different."
	
63		5
	Malcolm
	"Like? Much as I am now. Nose in books, bit of a loner. Not very interesting. Not for a live wire like she was."
	
64
		5
	Malcolm
	"She fell pregnant. I was very happy until she told me she didn't want my help. Thought she'd change her mind, though, as the pregnancy advanced but when I attempted to see her, she told me to leave her be, I was very hurt but accepted her refusal to involve me. A few months later. I took a job I'd been offered in New York. Salary was dreadful but I thought it would

	

	be for the best."
	
65
	
	5
	Malcolm
	"No. When I returned, they'd moved. Left  to forwarding address."
	
66
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"A boy."
	
67
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Had the approximate date and went to the Registi-y of Births to look it up."
	
68
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Somewhere out there I have a child I know nothing about."
	
69
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"I was stupid. Rushed off instead of staying to have a share in my son's life."
	
70
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"I thought perhaps it was a daughter."
	
71
	
	6
	Leanna
	"A daughter. Me."
	
72
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Books, curry, I'm tall. We...we like the same things."
	
73
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"We definitely have things in common but I'm not your father."
	
74
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"We're not related but we can be something else."
	
75
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Uh uh."
	
76
/ U
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Friends."
	
77
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"It's been staring you in the face for weeks."
	
78
	
	6
	Leanna
	"Okay."
	
79
	Request (Dir)
	1
	Mark
	"Asked your name."
	
80
	
	3
	Malcolm
	"May I sit down?" .
	
81
	
	4
	Malcolm
	''Help your self."
	
82
	
	4
	Leanna
	"But look where it's got me."
	
83
	
	5
	Leanna
	"Go on."
	
84
	
	6
	Malcolm
	"Let me in on the joke sometime."
	
85
	
	6
	Leanna
	"Tell you sometime seeing we're friends."
	
86
	Thank (Express)
	1
	Malcolm
	"Thank you."
	
87
	
	4
	Leanna
	"Thanks. But if I read a book, I have added it to my collection."
	
88
	Apologize (Express)
	6
	Malcolm
	"I'm so sorry to disappoint you, Leanna."

B. Indirect Speech Act

No
	Function
	Puge
	Speakers
	Excerpt
	
1
	Request (Dir)
	2
	Malcolm
	"Well, 1 suppose one of us should press the button or We'll be here all day, won't we?"
	
2
	
	6
	Leanna
	"Beg your pardon?"

65

APPENDIX II

Staring Me In The Face

Glynis Gertsch

The tray didn't just hit the floor. It crashed and smashed his lunch to pieces. Serves you damn well right, I thought. You were staring again.
     He stood stock-still and looked down at the food. Suddenly I got up and moved towards him. I hadn't intended to, hadn't wanted to help him. I called to the woman behind the counter. She closed her mouth and brought a cloth to clean up the mess. I picked up crockery, put it on the tray. There was a soppy stain on his trousers and through it you could see just how bony his knees were. Like the rest of him. All bones, dangling jacket and hanging trousers. Stooped shoulders and mile-long arms. Then he smiled at me. A wonderful smile that creased up his worn face and totally surprised me.
     "Thank you."
     I shoved the tray at him and went back to my table.
     I worked at a large publishing company and ate lunch in the canteen. I had noticed him because he stared at me. He was weird-looking. His hair was badly cut and his clothes were ancient and dull; too-short corduroys, baggy at the knees and colour-less sweaters, dotted with fluff. Often he sat alone and just picked at his food. Or he read and jotted things down.
     A few days after the crash, he stopped at the table I was sharing with Mark from proof reading, and asked if he might sit down. I said the seats were taken and continued eating. He apologised and took his tray off somewhere else.
     "What's your problem, Leanna?" asked Mark.
     "No problem. It's just that I like to choose who I share my mealtimes with."
     "A bit rough on the old chap though."
     I shrugged.
     It was Mark who told me more about him. He had gone over to scrounge a cigarette. By the time he came back to the table, I had my head stuck into the news-paper.
     "Interesting chap. Sub-editor. Been all over the world," said Mark.
     I decided to find the newspaper more interesting and finally Mark shut up and finished smoking.
     "Asked your name," he said.
     "He what?"
     "Yeah."
     "What'd you say?"
     "Leanna, of course."
     I folded the newspaper.
     "I've loads of work this afternoon."
     "Said you look familiar," said Mark. "Like someone he knew."

< 2 >
     "Someone he knew?"
     "Yeah. Could be strategy. Maybe he fancies you."
     "Fancies me? But he's old."
     "Only old enough to be your father."
     I grabbed my tray and left the table.

70

     I didn't do much work that afternoon. I kept wishing Mark hadn't said what he had said. Old enough to be your father.

71

     The following week I took along a book to read during lunchtime. When I got into the lift on my floor, he was already inside. He greeted me so I had to reply but I didn't smile. We were alone and that worried me. I wondered whether I should get out at the next floor and walk up the stairs to the canteen. Don't panic, I thought. Just because he's stared at you for ages doesn't mean he's going to do anything.
     " Well, I suppose one of us should press the button or we'll be here all day, won't we?"
     I'd been so busy wondering what he was going to do and expecting him to do something, that I'd completely forgotten to do anything myself. I felt like an idiot and this made me smile and I hadn't wanted to. He smiled back, his blue eyes crinkling right up to the grey hair at his ears and making him look ... nice. Then there was a slap. My book hit the floor. I bent down and so did he, and we bashed heads. At that moment, the lift shuddered to a stop and the doors seemed to fling themselves wide open. I was so embarrassed, I marched out of the lift, straight towards the queue at the counter. I ordered without looking at the menu and took my tray to a table where there was only one empty seat. I breathed a sigh of relief and began to eat. But the salad stuck in my throat when I noticed that everyone else at the table had already finished lunch and they were getting up to go. I glanced over at the counter. He was paying and in a second, his eyes would scan the room to find me. I ducked my head. Waited. Any minute now he'd sit down with his tray.
     Short Stories from Australasia. My book appeared in front of my eyes. His fingers were the longest I'd seen and his nails were manicured. I hadn't thought he'd bother.

< 3 >
     "You left it in the lift," he said. "May I sit down?"
     His voice was soft. Cultivated. What could I say? The tables were all pretty full so I nodded. He said bon appétit and began to eat. I'd always thought he picked at his food. But as I watched, I noticed that he selected small pieces, speared them and moved them carefully to his mouth.
     "Have you been there?"
     "Been where?" I was totally dazed. From dropping my book and banging my head and everything.
     "Australia, New Zealand."
     I stared at him and thought again of what Mark had said about me reminding him of someone. An Australian? Maybe an ex-girlfriend or wife?
     "Not such a strange question," he said. "You're old enough to have travelled there. And Katherine Mansfield, Janet Frame, are most likely in the book."
     His smile crinkled up his eyes.
     "No, I haven't and yes, they are," I said.
     That's how it started. He asked me a question, nodded when I spoke and then asked another. I was off, talking about reading, books and all that stuff I love.
     Days later Malcolm passed our table with his tray and spontaneously I said a seat was free. Mark stared at me and I felt a rush of heat to my cheeks.
     After that, Malcolm often sat with us and he and I discussed a lot of things. We spoke a little about ourselves too. I told him how Mom had brought me up on her own at the start of the Hippie Era. He said he had married during that time but divorced a few
     years later. Mark asked me how come Malcolm and I always had so much to talk about.
     "He's easy to talk to. And he reads a lot."
     "You two got so much to say, I don't get a chance to open my mouth all lunch-time."
     "You do. You shove food in."
     One lunchtime Malcom asked me if I'd like to go to a reading with him.
     "Um. Don't know."
     "Amelia Turner. Shortlisted for the Booker Prize last year."
     I wanted very much to go. But although I no longer thought Malcolm quite so weird, I wasn't sure if I wanted to go out in his company.

72

     "Afterwards, I'll cook us curry. Do you like it? "

< 4 >
     "Love it."
     "Me too. Settled then?" he asked and smiled his soft smile.
     It didn't surprise me that I nodded.
     After the reading and the curry dinner, I went into Malcolm's sitting room where there were more books than I'd ever seen on anyone's shelves. I began to read the titles.
     "Help yourself," said Malcolm.
     "Thanks. But if I read a book, I have add it to my collection."
     "Strange, same here." He waved his arms towards the shelves. "But look where it's got me."
     "I'd hate to be without books. They're ... friends."
     "That sounds like lonely," said Malcolm.
     I turned and pulled out a book.
     "Are you?"
     "Am I what?"
     "Lonely?"
     I shrugged.
     "Not really."
     "Not really but what?"
     My voice came from a distance as I tried to answer him.
     "I'm choosy about my friends. Don't have a great many."
     "I'm listening," said Malcolm and sat down, indicating the armchair opposite him.
     "My childhood was ... I mean, my mother loved moving around. She had no trouble putting down roots all over the place. I hated it! Books were the constant things, so I buried myself in them."
     "Hell, sounds familiar."
     I sat down in the armchair.
     "I had very academic parents," said Malcolm. "Was an afterthought, perhaps a mistake even. They loved me in their vague intellectual way but left me alone to get on with growing up. Hence the books."
     "That's lonely, too," I said.
     When I left, I took along a couple of Malcolm's books.
     My friendship with Malcolm grew but my curiousity remained. Who did I remind him of? My mother? If so, could he be my father? Although Mom had never bothered with books, our physical similarities, apart from my tallness, were undeniable. She had never told me much about the man who had fathered me. Clever, was all she had usually said. Once though, when I had been ill with chicken pox, and hot and scratchy, she had relented.
     "What was he like?"
     "Skinniest man you ever saw."
     "Where'd you meet him?"
     "In a park. I was catching a suntan and these papers started blowin' in my face. I was a bit cheesed off at them blowin' all over me and then this man comes runnin'. He grabbed and grabbed but couldn't catch them all. So he jus' stood still, a helpless look on his face. It was so funny, I started laughin'."

< 5 >
     "And then?"
     "I helped and we chased all over the place after them papers. When we sat down to get our breath back, he told me he was a student. He was ever so clever. Can't re-member what the devil it was he was studyin'. Somethin' I'd never heard of then or since."
     "Why didn't you marry him?"
     "Marry him? Good Lord, Leanna, I wasn't ready to marry and he wasn't the type I'd have wanted to marry by a long shot."

73

     "What else did he look like, Mom?"
     "Lord, stop the questions, child. Get some sleep."
     She saw my disappointment however, and said she would write it all down for me. Put it in an envelope to open when she was dead and gone. I was happy with that. On a wet, slick highway, driving to France for a weekend, she was involved in an accident and died instantly. I was twenty-three then and on my own feet but as I sorted through and packed up the belongings in her flat, I felt like a child again. I looked for the envelope but didn't find one. For a long time after, my mother's death and not knowing who my father was, made me feel as though I was drifting on a sea without horizons.
     One lunchtime I just decided to brave it and ask Malcolm who I reminded him of.
     "Met her while I was a student," he said.
     "Was she studying too?"
     "Oh, heavens, no. That was what attracted me to her. She was ... so different."
     "What were you like?" I asked.
     "Like? Much as I am now. Nose in books, bit of a loner. Not very interesting. Not for a live wire like she was."
     "Go on," I said.
     "She fell pregnant. I was very happy until she told me she didn't want my help. Thought she'd change her mind, though, as the pregnancy advanced but when I attempted to see her, she told me to leave her be. I was very hurt but accepted her refusal to involve me. A few months later, I took a job I'd been offered in New York. Salary was dreadful but I thought it would be for the best."
     "Was it? " I asked.
     "No. When I returned, they'd moved. Left no forwarding address."

< 6 >
     "So you never knew whether it was a boy or ...? "
     "A girl?" asked Malcolm.
     I nodded.
     "A boy," he said. "Had the approximate date and went to the Registry of Births to look it up."
     I sat there, trying to take in what Malcom had said. I felt as though I'd been flattened by a truck.
     "Somewhere out there I have a child I know nothing about," Malcom continued. "I was stupid. Rushed off instead of staying to have a share in my son's life."
     "I thought perhaps it was a daughter."
     "Beg your pardon?"
     "A daughter. Me."
     "You thought I was ... your father?"
     "Books, curry, I'm tall. We ... we like the same things."
     "We definitely have things in common but I'm not your father." He looked at me.
     "I'm so sorry to disappoint you, Leanna." I tried to smile.
     "We're not related but we can be something else."
     "What?"
     "Can't you think of anything?"
     "Uh uh."
     "Friends."
     "Friends?"
     "It's been staring you in the face for weeks." Malcolm's use of that phrase made me burst out laughing.
     "Let me in on the joke sometime," he said.
     "Okay," I said. "Tell you sometime seeing we're friends."
     Then I smiled. And my smile was as wide and warm as the one he smiled in return.