CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1	Background of the Study 	
Language, as a means of communication, plays an important role in our life. We produce language everyday in order to communicate with other people in our society. It means that language can be used for doing social interaction. We use language to exchange goods and services. We also use language to express our feelings, ideas, thoughts and everything. Language is one of the most fundamental aspects of human behavior and a defined instrument of expression and communication. Communication process is the process by which one person or group of persons receive an increment of information which has some value for either sender or receiver either by way of knowledge addition or entertainment or acquisition of energy to act or persuasion to buy or act as required by the sender (Meesala, http://ezinearticles.com, retrieved on May 1st 2009). There are three components in every communication process, they are: 1) message (could be an idea, concept, direction, etc.), 2) someone to send the message (a sender), and 3) someone to receive it (a receiver) (Barlian, 2009, http://barlian21.blogspot.com/2009/03/communication-process.html, retrieved on March 3rd 2009).
Language is used to convey communication. Language has two forms, namely oral and written. There are many kinds of languages that can be used to convey our intensions and thoughts. English is a kind of oral language that can be used universally in the worldwide since many countries use it as a means of communication. People who have inadequate proficiency in English often face many problems and difficulties to understand as well as to receive messages or information in English. English is one of the foreign languages in Indonesia, and the Indonesian people face the same problem because they have their own mother tongue.
A language is used to convey messages, to share ideas and feelings, or to influence people to do something. A movie script is the way for an artist or a writer to express his or her ideas. Without being aware in expressing the idea in a movie script, they always use different kinds of speech act.
Speech act is one of the aspects in pragmatics field. It is the study on the meaning and the function of an utterance. A speech is used to clarify what the speakers do, beside that there are also utterances used just to depict or narrate what are being done by the speakers. The speaker and the interlocutor make a clear narration of the story. According to Austin in Levinson (1983: 236) there are three kinds of acts: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the act of saying something. Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting something and illocutionary act is the act of doing something, such as making statement or promise, issuing a command or request, asking a question, etc. Leech gives example about it:
1.	Locution: the speaker says to the hearer that X. (X brings certain words spoken with a certain sense and references)
2.	Illocution: in saying X, the speaker asserts something to the hearer.
3.	Perlocution:  by saying X, the speaker convince the hearer.
In addition, according to Searle (1976) in Levinson (1995: 240) there are five basic kinds of illocutionary act, those are: representatives, directives, commisives, expressive, and declaration. The kinds of illocutionary acts will be described in the next chapter.
Speech act is closely related to language function that is the purpose of language use. Language function is not only determined by grammatical form, but also the context used to ask or command. Speech functions are a key resource for negotiating degrees of familiarity. If participants wish to explore their interpersonal relations, they must choose speech functions which keep the conversational going and this frequently means that intimate relations involve interactants reacting to each other in confronting, rather than supporting, moves.
The researcher put the speech function theory on this study because it has the relation with the illocutionary acts theory. The researcher found that the elements of speech function are the same with the kinds of illocutionary points, such as questioning, thanking, promising, informing.
The researcher chooses the “Evelyn” movie to analyze is because this movie is based on the true story, and the story in the movie was so interesting which happened long time ago in Ireland. The film itself tells about the effort of a father who fought to get his children back from the upbringing of the Catholic church and the Irish state.
The reason why the researcher chooses the classification of illocutionary acts and speech function is because  the researcher wants to limit this study, so the researcher does not analyze the direct and indirect illocutionary acts.
1.2  Statement of the Problem
The statement of the problem for this research are:
1.	What kind of illocutionary acts are found in “Evelyn” movie in the utterances of Desmond Doyle?
2.	What is the most illocutionary act commonly used in the utterances of Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie.
1.3  Objective of the Study
The objective of the study for this research are:
1.	To find out the type of illocutionary acts used by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie.
2.	To find out the most of illocutionary act commonly used by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie.
1.4  Significance of the Study
The significance of the study for this research are:
1.	The researcher can understand speech acts better.
2.	It is used as a reference especially for the students of English Department in Faculty of Languages and Letters of Dian Nuswantoro University. 
3.	To help the readers in understanding speech acts and also the use of speech acts in daily utterances through the dialogue in the movie.
4.	To give additional knowledge for the researcher and the readers.
1.5   	Scope of the Study 
In this study, the researcher observes the use of illocutionary acts by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie, which is based on the true story. To limit the study, the researcher only observes it based on Searle’s illocutionary acts classification because he gave more detailed speech acts classification. The limitation here is used in order to make the result of the study more specific and clearer.
1.6	Thesis Organization
The discussion of this study is divided into chapters and sub-chapters.
Chapter I is the Introduction. It consists of background of the study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the study and thesis organization.
Chapter II deals with the review of related literature. It consists of pragmatics, speech act, illocutionary acts, and illocutionary force.
Chapter III presents research method. It contains research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection, and also technique of data analysis.
Chapter IV is data analysis, contains the result of the movie script analysis.
Chapter V is the conclusion and suggestion.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In conducting a research, a theory is necessary. A theory is used to make the research clearer. Considering that, the researcher uses some theories as the basis of the research and also as the way to do the analysis. In this chapter, the researcher explains the theories related to the research.
In this study, the researcher uses some theories of pragmatics, speech acts, the illocutionary acts, and the illocutionary force.
2.1	Pragmatics
The modern usage of the term pragmatics is attributable to Charles Morris (1983), who was concerned to outline (after Locke and Pierce) the general shape of signs, or semiotics.  Within semiotics, Morris distinguished three distinct of inquiry. Syntactic (or syntax), being the study of the “formal relation of signs to one another”, semantic, the study of “the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable”, and pragmatics, the study of “the relation of signs to interpreter” (Morris (1938) in Levinson, 1983: 1). Meanwhile, Yule (1996: 3) in Pragmatics, states that there are four areas which pragmatics is concerned with:
1.	Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning 
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer). It has, consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves.
2.	Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
This type of the study necessarily involves the interpretation of what people mean in particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how the speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to where, when, and under what circumstances.
3.	Pragmatics is the study of how to get more communicated than it is said
This approach also necessarily explores how listeners can make influences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. This type of the study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as a part of what is communicated. It is said that it is the investigation of invisible meaning.
4.	Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance
This perspective then raises the question of what determines the choice the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tied to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experiences. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determines how much needs to be said 
From the definition above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is a branch in linguistics which discusses the meanings of utterances and their functions, what it is for and used for. In other words, pragmatics is a part in linguistics which focuses on utterances expressed by the speaker which is associated with its contexts. In addition, context is the words or utterances that appear before and or after a word, phrase or sentence to make the sentence more understandable (Oxford Dictionary, 7th edition: 315). Dell Hymes (1964) in Brown and Yule (1996: 38-39) have mentioned the criteria of the context which is relevant to speaking situation, they are:
a.	Addresser (speaker, writer, or sender)
b.	Addressee (hearer, reader, or receiver)
c.	Audience 
d.	Topic
e.	Setting (time. Place, and other physical conditions surrounding the speech act)
f.	Channels (written, telegraph, spoken, signs, etc)
g.	Code (standard language, or dialect, or which style is used)
h.	Message Form (chit-chat, debate, preach, sonnet, love letter, etc.)
i.	Event
j.	Genres (fairy tale, advertisement, etc.)
k.	Keys (the one of the conversation, for example: serious or mocking)
l.	Purpose (goal and out come)
According to Parker in Sari’s book (1988: 19) pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language. While, grammar is generally divided into a number of particular areas of study: Semantics, Syntax, Morphology, and Phonology.
According to Levinson (1983: 3) “pragmatics is the study of aspect of language that requires reference to the user of the language then led to a very natural, further restriction of the term in analytical philosophy”. Furthermore, Morris states in Levinson that:
Pragmatics is the study of the huge range of psychological and sociological phenomena involved in sign system on general or in language in particular (the continental sense of the term) or the study of certain abstract concept that make reference to agents; or the study of indexicals or deictic term; or finally the recent usage within Anglo American linguistics and philosophy (Levinson, 1983: 5).

Leech (1993: 13-14) also says that there are some aspects of speech situation which are necessary to consider when someone tries to understand an utterance uttered by an addresser or addressee. Those aspects are:
1.	Addressers or addressees
Leech refers to addressers and addressees as matter of convenience, as S (speaker) and H (hearer).
2.	Context of an utterance
Context in pragmatics is any background knowledge that both addresser and addressee share. This aspect contributes to addresser’s interpretation of what addresser means by a given utterance. According to Sari (1988: 19) context is divided into some types, they are as follows:
a.	Physical Context
This context is related to the place where the conversation is conducted, what objects are present, and the action is performing by the addresser and addressee during the conversation.
This example was taken from the conversation between Alex and Sophie.
Sophie “Okay, ‘two people searching for love, for salvation’.”
Alex “Good, good. I love that.”
Sophie “Love lost, love found, love lost again.”
Alex “Yeah, this is starting to sound a little bit like luggage, but good.”
Sophie “Thanks. That’s really helpful.”
Alex “It doesn’t have to be perfect. Just spit it out. They’re just lyrics.”
That conversation was conducted in Alex’s apartment, with Sophie there and ready to write a song lyric, and Alex played the piano.
b.	Epistemic Context
This context deals with the background knowledge shared by addresser and addressee.
The example below was taken from the interview between FourFourTwo magazine and Steven Gerrard.
FFT “Were individual mistakes in the qualifying stages to blame?”
Gerrard “No, you have to see the bigger picture. It’s all very well pointing fingers at those who made errors but there’s so much more to it than that. There were an awful lot of teams and squads picked throughout the campaign and I think we’re all responsible for what went wrong.”
FFT “So what did go wrong?”
Gerrard “We weren’t consistent enough over the whole campaign. With the players that we’ve got in the squad, it is clear that we should have not just qualified, but won the group. To be fighting for our lives on the last day of qualifying was a big disappointment, and proved that we simply had not been good enough or consistent enough.”
FFT “But the spotlight inevitably falls on the likes of Paul Robinson, Scott Carson and even you for the miss in Russia.”
Gerrard “As a team you win, lose and draw together. From a fans’ point of view, these moments stand out, they’re highlighted by the press and then the individual gets stick. That’s fine, we’re professionals, we can handle that and we know that in the world we live in, scapegoats have to be made. As a team though we take responsibility together.”
The interviewer and the interviewee had the same knowledge, that is football so they could share information about football, in that case the last match of England football team. FourFourTwo is a football magazine while Steven Gerrard is a Liverpool and England footballer. 
c.	Linguistic Context
This context deals with the grammar of the language or linguistic structure of the language.
The example below was taken from the interview between FourFourTwo magazine and Steven Gerrard.
Gerrard utterances:
“I haven’s booked anything yet, and to be honest I don’t know what I’ll do. I’m a football fan so I’ll want to see some of the games. It won’t be the same as being involved but I’ll be interesting to see how it goes.”
d.	Social Context
This context is related to social relation between the addresser an addressee.
The example below was taken from P.S. I Love You novel, the conversation between Holly Kennedy and Sharon McCarthy.
Holly had spent a disgraceful amount of money in Brown Thomas on the most beautiful white dress she had ever seen.
	Holly “Shit, Sharon, this will burn a huge hole in my pocket.”
	Sharon “Aah, don’t worry, Gerry can stitch it up for you. And stop calling me ‘shit Sharon’. Everytime we go shoping you address me as that. If you’re not careful I might start taking offence. Buy the damn thing, Holly. It’s Christmas, after all, the season of giving and all that.”
	Holly “God, you are so evil, Sharon. I’m never shopping with you again. This is like half my month’s wages. What am I going to do for the rest of the month?”
	Sharon “Holly, would you rather eat or look fab?”
	Holly “I’ll take it.”
The way Holly and Sharon had a conversation shows that they had a close relationship because they are best friends.
3.	The goal(s) of an utterance
Different form of utterance performed by addresser or addressee is meant to convey certain meaning and goal. This different form of utterance can be used to express the same purpose or vice versa.
4.	The utterance as a form act or activity of speech act
Grammar deals with linguistic structure as abstract entities, for example, sentence in syntax and proposition in pragmatics, while pragmatics deals with verbal act in certain context. It can be said that pragmatics studies language in more concrete level than grammar. The addresser and addressee, time and place are clear in pragmatics.
5.	The utterance as the product of a verbal act
Utterance in pragmatics is the form of speech act because of that utterance produced by addresser  and addressee is included in verbal act. 
2.2	Speech Act
Speech act is one of the pragmatics studies. Speech act is a human activity in language. It studies the way people act through their speech. Richard in Suyono (1990: 5) says that “speech act is the things that we actually do when we speak or the minimal unit of speaking which can be said to have function”. Speech act itself has some types. According to Austin in Levinson (1983: 236), speech act can be divided into three types. They are:
1.	Locutionary act
According to Austin in Paltridge (2000: 16) “locutionary act refers to the referential or factual meaning of the sentence” . Yule (1996: 48) says that “locutionary act is the basic act of utterance that there is no intention of speaker”. This act is to assert words or sentences which point referring to expression or predicating. This sentence looks as assertion which consists of subject and predicate. For example in the sentence:
I’ve just made some coffee.
This sentence is meant to inform addressee that he has made coffee without any intention to perform an act or to influence the addressee. The point of the example above is I as subject, made as predicate, and some coffee as object. This speech act only expresses language, understanding the intention of the speaker is not needed.
2.	Illocutionary act
Well-performed utterances are mostly not produced with no purpose. An utterance is formed with some kinds of function in mind. It is called illocutionary act (Yule, 1996: 48). The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance, such as promising, apologizing, offering. This act is also called the act of doing something in saying something.
Illocutionary act helps the addresser expresses his opinion or statement about something while the addresser also perform an act toward the addressee. Illocutionary act can be seen in this sentence:
Would you like coffee?
The addresser utters this sentence to his partner, not only says the words but also offering his coffee to the partner.
3.	Perlocutionary act
The bringing about of effects on the audience by the norm of uttering the sentence such effect being special to the circumstances of the utterance. It can be said that this act is the act of affecting someone.
According to Hufford and Heasley (1983: 250), perlocutionary act is the act that is carried out by a speaker in making an utterance causes in certain effect on the hearer and others. Perlocutionary act makes the addressee do some act as the result of the effect from the utterance uttered by the addresser. For example in the sentence:
There is a snake next to you.
This sentence brings an effect to the hearer like screaming or running. This sentence has perlocutionary effect to the hearer.
2.3	Illocutionary Acts
In speech act theory, illocution is the focus of attention (Renkema, 1993: 23). As has been defined in the previous sub chapter, illocution is the making of statement, offer, promise, etc. The following two sentences are the examples given by Renkema in order to get deeper understanding about illocution:
A: It’s raining.
B: I promise that I will give you one hundred tomorrow.
Referring to the illocution of both sentences, we can find that in (B) an act is being performed in the form of utterance by saying “I promise…”, a promise is impossible. While in (A) by saying “It’s raining” the speaker just produces the utterance without another attention.
2.3.1	Kinds of Illocution
There are five basic kinds of illocution of utterances that one can perform in speaking which are promoted by Searle in Levinson (1983: 240), they are:
1.	Representatives/Assertives
This act explains the situation, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition such as asserting, concluding, announcing, and predicting. For example in the sentence:
I’ve been listening to the song that really got me.
The sentence is meant to assert that the addresser ever listening the song that really got the addresser.
2.	Directives
The objective of this act is to make the addressee do something, such as requesting, ordering, inviting, and suggesting. It can be seen in the sentence:
I am thirsty, give me a cup of water, please!
The sentence is meant that the addresser wants the addressee to do something that is getting the drink for the addresser. The sentence indicates a request from addresser to the addressee to get the water
3.	Commisives
This act aims at urging the addresser to do something such as promising, swearing, threatening, and offering. For example in the sentence:
I’m not going anywhere unsafe!
The addresser utters the sentence to his friend. The addresser promise that he does not go to anywhere unsafe.
4.	Expressive
This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, praising, and congratulating. It can be seen in the sentence:
You look beautiful, Jane!
The addresser praises his friend, Jane, who looks beautiful. The act is praising.

5.	Declarations
This act is used to uphold a particular speech act that affect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborating extra linguistic institution as declaring war, excommunication, christening, appointing, and firing from employment. For example in the sentence:
I name the baby David!
The parents use the speech act to give the statement or to declare that their baby is named “David”. The parents declares “David” as a name of their baby.
2.4 	Illocutionary Force
There are six components in each illocutionary force that serve to determine the conditions of success and satisfaction of all speech acts with that force.
1.	An illocutionary Point
According to Vanderveken (1990: 105), there are five basic illocutionary points of utterance.
a.	The assertive point
It is the condition that the propositional content represents as state of affairs. They are assertions, conclusions, and descriptions.
e.g. “My good man is packing us off to Skerries for a few weeks.” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “A Mother”)
		(assertion)

b.	The commisive point
It is a condition where the propositional content is a future act of the speaker. They express what the speaker intends. They are promise, threats, refusal, and pledges.
e.g. “Maybe I’ll call round later and we can have a chat.” (Holly’s mother’s utterance when she talked to Holly on the phone, taken from P.S. I Love You novel)
		(promise)
c.	The directive point
It is a condition where the propositional content is the future act of the hearer. They express what the speaker wants. They are command, orders, request, and suggestions.
e.g. “Send Farrington here.” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “Counterparts”)
		(command)
       “Bring me a plate of peas and a bottle of ginger beer.” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “Two Gallants”)
		(order)
       “Let’s have a look at her, Corley.” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “Two Gallants”)
		(invite)

d.	The declarative point
It is a condition which is brought into existence a state of affairs by representing oneself as performing that act.
e.g. “Congratulations, guys! We gotta book.” (taken from Music and Lyrics movie script)
		(announce)
e.	The expressive point
It is the expression of the speaker about a state of affairs. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow.
e.g. “God. That’s melody is so beautiful.” (taken from “Music And Lyrics” movie script)
		(praise)
       “Hello, Crofton.” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “Ivy Day in the Committee Room)
		(greet)
	       “Good man, Joe!” (taken from James Joyce’s short story “Ivy Day in the Committee Room)
		(praise)
The illocutionary points are the principal component of illocutionary force because it determines the direction of fit of utterances with that force (Vanderveken, 1990: 104).

2.	Mode of Achievement
The mode of achievement of the illocutionary point of an illocutionary force is the component of that force which determines how its point must be achieved on the propositional content in a successful performance of an act with that force.
3.	Propositional Content Conditions
Some illocutionary force impose the conditions on the set of propositional that can be taken as propositional contents of acts with that force in context of utterance (Vanderveken, 1990: 112).
4.	Preparatory Conditions
In his book, Vanderveken (1990: 114) says that “the preparatory conditions determiner which proposition must presuppose when he performs an illocutionary act with that force in a context of utterance.
5.	Sincerely Conditions
By performing an illocutionary act, the speaker also expresses mental states of certain psychological modes about the state of affairs represented by the propositional content (Vanderveken, 1990: 117).
6.	Degree of strength
The mental states, which enter into the sincerely conditions of speech acts, are expressed with different degrees of strength depending on the illocutionary force.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

In a research, a method is needed to get a valid result. In this chapter, the researcher explains the research method used to conduct the research. This chapter discusses research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis.
3.1	Research Design
In this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive method is used in the literal sense of describing situation or event.
This research is qualitative because the data are not in the form of numbers and charts. The data are only spoken data taken from the utterances uttered by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie. This research is to describe kinds of illocutionary acts found in the dialogue. 
3.2	Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis of this research was the utterances of Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie by Bruce Beresford.

3.3	Source of Data
The data of this research were movie transcription taken from “Evelyn” movie DVD released by United Artist.
3.4	Technique of Data Collection
In the method of the data collection, the researcher  used  the transcription method. The data were transcribed by the researcher from the “Evelyn” movie DVD. The data of this research will be collected by:
1.	Watching the “Evelyn” movie DVD.
2.	Rewrite the subtitle of the movie uttered by all the actors on the “Evelyn” movie.
3.5	Technique of Data Analysis
1.	Identifying the utterances uttered by Desmond Doyle
2.	Identifying the types of illocutionary acts using the theory of Searle
3.	Classifying or categorizing the utterances of Desmond Doyle
4.	Interpreting and analyzing the data
5.	Drawing conclusion

CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter elaborates the result of the analysis about the use of illocutionary acts which is presented qualitatively. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the theory of illocutionary acts by Searle. There are five types of illocutionary acts based on Searle’s classification: representative/assertive, directives, commisives, expressives and declarations.
In this study, the data were taken from a movie script from a movie entitled “Evelyn”. This movie is based on the true story which happened in Ireland years ago. The story tells about the attempt of Desmond Doyle, as the father of Evelyn, Maurice and Dermot, to get his kids back to him, after the Catholic Church and the Irish state decided to take care of his kids due to the departure of his wife. It was a hard work that the Church and the state didn’t let Desmond to have his children and to take care of them. But Desmond didn’t give up, and finally he could get his children.
According to the movie, Desmond was a stubborn man. He would do anything to get what he wanted. But he was also a loving father to his children. He fought against the strong power of the Catholic Church and the Irish state, with some help from his friends, to get his children. There are some utterances that show Desmond’s character.
a.	Desmond is stubborn
(Excerpt 8, page 5)
Logan	: “Then, Mr. Doyle, you have no choice but to approach the authorities for assistance. I will rearrange for the Sister to call.”
Desmond	: “We don’t need your charity.”

(Excerpt 59, page 14)
Sister Bridget	: “Do you have an appointment?”
Desmond 	: “I don’t need an appointment to see my own daughter. Who are you?”

b.	Desmond is temperamental
(Excerpt 7, page 4)
Henry		: “I hear her fancy man is English.”
Desmond	: “Bastard! I might have guessed.”

c.	Desmond is a loving father
(Excerpt 40, page 35)
Hugh	: “And I’ve often ask myself, “What drives Desmond Doyle?” Desmond?”
Desmond	: “I love my children. I’m sick of saying goodbye to them all the time. I just don’t want them to spend their whole childhood crying, you know.”

The researcher also put the speech event on the analysis of the data, to show the time, the place and the situation of the utterances, when, where, and how the utterances conducted, so that the readers could understand the story better.
Below is the table of illocutionary act of the utterance of Desmond Doyle.
Table 4.1
Illocutionary Acts Produced by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” Movie

No.	Kinds of Illocutionary Act	f	%	
1	Assertive	176	59,26%	
2	Directive	96	32,32%	
3	Commisive	7	2,36%	
4	Expressive	18	6,06%	
Total 	297	100%	

Based on the table summary above, it can be seen that there are 297 utterances uttered by Desmond Doyle in the “Evelyn” movie. They are divided into 176 assertive utterances, 96 directive utterances, 7 commisive utterances, and 18 expressive utterances. The most commonly utterances used by Desmond is assertive, because here Desmond as the main actor and he gave a lot of statement, information and assertion to his hearers, for example when he attended an assembly he gave a lot of statement and explanation to the Judge and the court audience, in order to get his children back.
4.1. 	Assertive
This act explains the situation, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition such as asserting, concluding, announcing, and predicting. Below is the analysis of Desmond’s assertive utterances. Assertive can be noted by some illocutionary acts verbs, such as assert, deny, state, tell, guess, predict, report, remind, describe, inform, insist, assure, agree, claim, beliefs, conclude.
Here is the analysis of assertive utterances.
1.	(Excerpt 1, page 1)
Speech event: it was one Christmas Eve in Dublin, Ireland, 1953. Desmond and his 3 children, Evelyn, Maurice, and Dermot were watching Christmas-Carol choir near their house, while Charlotte, his wife, was in the pub. Desmond asked Evelyn to take his brother home, while he went to find their mother. On the way home, Desmond and Charlotte did a bit of quarreling about something. The kids heard the voice of their parents. Then, Desmond and Charlotte came into the house.
Desmond	: “Right in front of your friends, too. Jesus! You frozen little mites. Come here now. We were arguing if the chimney was wide enough for Santa.”
Evelyn	: “It’s great. We’re on the top floor so Santa can park his reindeers there.”
Desmond	: “It is. He has the whole roof to land on. Say goodnight to mommy.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Desmond tried to explain what was going on between him and Charlotte. He said to the children that they were arguing if the chimney was wide enough for Santa, so he could park his reindeers over there.

2.	(Excerpt 2, page 1-2)
Speech event: still on the Christmas Eve, on Desmond’s house. It was the time for the children to go to bed. Desmond took them into the bed room.
Dermot	: “When will Santa be here?”
Desmond	: “Santa’s gonna be here very soon. Off to bed with the lot of you. Santa will come when you’re asleep.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Dermot asked to Desmond when Santa Claus will come, and Desmond said that he would come when they were asleep.

3.	(Excerpt 3, page 2)
Speech event: in the morning on Christmas Day. Desmond and his three children were gathering in the living room.
Dermot	: “Daddy, where’s the carriages?”
Desmond	: “Son, Santa was a bit strapped for cash this year. It costs a lot of money to feed those elves, you know.”
Dermot	: “How much do they cost?”
Desmond	: “It costs lots and lots.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Dermot asked Desmond where the carriages were, and Desmond said that Santa was a bit strapped for cash that year, because it took a lot of money to feed the elves. Then, Desmond asked again, how much they cost, and Desmond said it cost lots and lots.

4.	(Excerpt 4, page 2)
Speech event: on that Christmas Day, Henry, Desmond’s father, came to his house to visit his grand children and brought them some gifts.
Henry		: “Happy Christmas!”
Evelyn		: “Granda!”
Henry	: “Me little Christmas angel. I hope you were a good girl, were you?”
Desmond	: “There’s granddad.”
Henry		: “Happy Christmas, everybody!”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. When Henry came to Desmond’s house, Evelyn welcomed him, while Dermot and Maurice were still with Desmond. Then, Desmond told them that his granddad came to have a visit.

5.	(Excerpt 5, page 3)
Speech event: in the morning on St. Stephen’s Day. Evelyn was playing with her doll when she saw her mother went away wearing her new coat and shoes and brought some her bags. She thought that her mother would go shopping, then she realized that it was St. Stephen’s Day, and all the shops were closed. She called her mother and asked her to come back. Evelyn ran after her mother and saw her went with another man in a car. Then, she woke Desmond up and told him that her mother was gone. Desmond then went to Daisy’s house, tried to find his wife.
Desmond	: “She’s your daughter. You say you don’t know where she’s gone?”
Daisy	: “She’s your wife, and you don’t know, do you? I always said this would end in tears. Should never have got stuck with a corner boy like you.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Desmond went to the house of Charlotte’s mother and tried to find her there, but she wasn’t there. Daisy didn’t know where Charlotte was gone. Desmond said that she was her daughter, and she didn’t know where she was gone.

6.	(Excerpt 6, page 4)
Speech event: still in Daisy’s house.
Desmond	: “I treated her well.”
Daisy		: “Yeah?”
Desmond	: “I never raised a hand n anger to her once, though she gave just cause of it. Maybe that’s where I went wrong.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Desmond said to Daisy that he always treated his wife well. He never raised a hand to her, although she gave him cause of it.

7.	(Excerpt 7, page 4)
Speech event: one day, the time after Charlotte left her husband and the children. Desmond and his father, Henry, watched the kids playing with their friends around their house.
Henry		: “I hear her fancy man is English.”
Desmond	: “Bastard! I might have guessed.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Henry told Desmond that his wife’s fancy man was English. In fact, Desmond had already guessed it.

8.	(Excerpt 8, page 5)
Speech event: while Desmond and Henry watched the kids playing, a man named Logan, a member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children visited Desmond. Logan told Desmond that the law prohibited the single and unemployed parent from raising his kids alone, that’s why he offered help to Desmond for taking care of his children.
Logan	: “Mr. Doyle, I’m here to help you. As I understand you’ve no income to support your family. Is that correct?”
Desmond	: “Yeah.”
Logan		: “And do you have any female relatives to call upon?”
Henry		: “Maureen, Des’ mother, died a long time ago.”
Logan	: “Then, Mr. Doyle, you have no choice but to approach the authorities for assistance. I will rearrange for the Sister to call.”
Desmond	: “We don’t need your charity.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Logan came to help Desmond to take care of his children because Desmond had no income to support his family and he had no female relative to call upon, so Logan would rearrange for the Sister to call. But, Desmond rejected it. He said that he didn’t need the charity.

9.	(Excerpt 9, page 5)
Speech event: Desmond and Henry were on the District Court in Dublin on the assembly of his case.
Judge	: “So, Mr. Doyle, you are a painter and a decorator by trade, but attempts to secure employment since your wife’s departure have been unsuccessful.”
Desmond	: “Yes, sir, Your Honour. But it’s only been a couple of weeks. And there’s a big job coming up at the Robert West House, but there’s not until the end of March.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. The Judge confirmed that Desmond was a painter and a decorator by trade and his attempts to secure employment was unsuccessful. Desmond said that there would be a big job in Robert West House.

10.	(Excerpt 10, page 6)
Speech event: still on the District Court.
Judge		: “And you have no other source of revenue?”
Desmond	: “Sir, my father, Henry, who’s sitting here, and myself we’re setting up a tour of the Dublin pubs.”
Judge	: “Surely that will represent expenditure rather than income.”
Desmond	: “No, your honour. We’ll be playing music for money. My father was a professional musician. He played for Radio Eireann until retirement age.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. Desmond told to the District Judge that he would set a tour in the Dublin pubs with his father. He said that his father was a professional musician, and played for Radio Eireann until his retirement age.

11.	(Excerpt 11, page 9)
Speech event: Desmond fell so frustrated that he couldn’t get his children back, and he went to Fergal’s, a local pub, with Bernadette as the barmaid.
Desmond	: “Give us another pint.”
Bernadette	: “You’ve had enough.”
Desmond	: “Listen to you. I’m sick of people telling me what to do. You just get us another pint.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. 

12.	(Excerpt 12, page 9)
Speech event: Desmond was on the Fergal’s when Father O’Malley came to the pub asked for the charity from the visitor of the pub. Desmond heard his voice and he talked to Father O’Malley. He was drunk at that time.
Father O’Malley	: “Just a few pennies from you there.”
Woman		: “There you go, Father.”
Father O’Malley	: “Those little orphans, they really need your charity.”
Desmond	: “Father, you lot have taken my babies! You’ve made my babies orphans.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for claiming. Desmond claimed that Father O’Malley, as the Catholic priest, responsible on the Desmond case for he couldn’t see his children, for making his children orphans.
13.	(Excerpt 13, page 10)
Speech event: still on the Fergal’s, when Desmond tried to punch Father O’Malley. Bernadette helped him to cure the pain after Father O’Malley punched him as a defense. 
Bernadette	: “If you want your kids back that badly, you should get a good lawyer.”
Desmond	: “They cost money.”
Bernadette	: “Go and see Michael Beattie. Twenty-four Upper Mount Street. Say I sent you.”
Desmond	: “Fair enough. I’ll say the new barmaid at Fergal’s Pub sent me. That’ll impress him.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Bernadette suggested Desmond to find a good lawyer if he wanted his children that badly, but Desmond said that they cost lots of money. He didn’t have the money to pay a good lawyer.

14.	(Excerpt 14, page 10)
Speech event: still on the Fergal’s, the conversation between Desmond and Bernadette.
Bernadette	: “Tell him Bernadette Beattie sent you, you cheeky oaf. Bernadette Beattie, his little sister. I’m working here part time to help Uncle Fergal. I’m a trainee chemist, actually.”
Desmond	: “So, you’re the beautiful niece Fergal’s always bragging about. I bet you have lots of fellows running after you.”
Bernadette	: “Yes, but none of them manage to catch me yet.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for concluding. Bernadette said that she was Michael Beattie’s little sister, and Fergal’s niece. Desmond then realize that she was the girl that always been talked about by the other men. 
15.	(Excerpt 15, page 11)
Speech event: after Bernadette guided him to go to her solicitor brother, Desmond then paid a visit to Michael’s office.
Michael	: “Mr. Doyle, family law in this jurisdiction is a cozy conspiracy between the Catholic Church and the Irish state. They’re in cahoots.”
Desmond	: “What are you saying is that you’re frightened if you take them on, you’ll never work again.”
Michael	: “Something like that. I suggest you come back to me when your circumstances are more favourable and I’ll see what can I do.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for concluding. Desmond came to Michael’s office to ask for his help. Michael explained the situation to Desmond, that there was a conspiracy between the Catholic Church and the Irish state on family law. Desmond then concluded that Michael would never work again if he took Desmond’s case.

16.	(Excerpt 16, page 13)
Speech event: Desmond visited Maurice and Dermot on the Christian Brother school in Kilkenny.
Desmond	: “That’s it.”
Dermot	: “Still no carriages, Dad.”
Desmond	: “No, son. Still no carriages.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Desmond asserted to Dermot that there were still no carriages.

17.	(Excerpt 17, page 14)
Speech event: one day, Desmond received a letter that was sent by Evelyn. She told him that Sister Bridget beat her up. Then, Desmond came into St. Joseph’s School and he met Sister Bridget and Sister Theresa.
Sister Theresa	: “Mr. Doyle, you shouldn’t be on the premises.”
Desmond	: “I’ve come to see my daughter.”
Sister Theresa	: “You must leave.”
Desmond	: “I’m not leaving without her.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Desmond came to St. Joseph’s School to meet Evelyn. He wanted to take Evelyn home with him.

18.	(Excerpt 18, page 15)
Speech event: still in St. Joseph’s School, when Desmond talked to Sister Theresa in front of the refectory.
Sister Theresa	: “You know that’s impossible.”
Desmond	: “I’m having my daughter and you can’t stop me. Now, where is she?”
Sister Theresa	: “Mr. Doyle, you cannot barge in here.”
Desmond	: “There’s no bloody laws in Ireland that will keep her away from me.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. When Desmond met Sister Theresa in front of the refectory, she told Desmond that he couldn’t get his daughter, because the law didn’t allow Desmond to raise his children alone. Desmond asserted that he would still have his daughter and there was no law in Ireland that would keep Evelyn away from him.

19.	(Excerpt 19, page 15)
Speech event: Sister Theresa finally let Desmond to see his daughter.
Sister Theresa	: “Evelyn, your daddy’s here to see you.”
Desmond	: “It’s good to see you.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Desmond was so happy that he could see Evelyn though it was just for a few minutes.

20.	(Excerpt 20, page 15-16)
Speech event: Michael and Desmond met in a city park.
Michael	: “I hear you doing well at your new job.”
Desmond	: “Yeah. My circumstances have been improved, as you would say. So, you’ll take the case, then?”
Michael	: “You’ve been drinking, haven’t you? I can smell it off your breath.”
Desmond	: “Since we’re not planning on kissing I don’t see a problem.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Desmond informed to Michael that his circumstances had been improved, as what Michael said.

21.	(Excerpt 21, page 16)
Speech event: Michael came to the place where Desmond worked.
Michael	: “It’s the law. Yours is a unique case. Normally, the wife would be deceased.”
Desmond	: “She ran out her kids, didn’t she? What kind of mother would do that?”
Michael	: “We could argue that she’s emotionally incapable of bringing up the children but I’m afraid all of that is, strictly speaking, irrelevant. The law is still requires her consent no matter how irresponsibly she may have behaved.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, since it is used for asserting. Michael said that Desmond’s case was unique because in the other case usually the wife would be deceased. Desmond asserted to Michael that his wife ran out their children.

22.	(Excerpt 22, page 16)
Speech event: still on the place where Desmond worked, the conversation between Desmond and Michael.
Desmond	: “Went to hell with the law.”
Michael	: “That attitude will get us nowhere, Desmond.”
Desmond	: “Look, I’ve done everything I was asked to do. That District Judge or Justice didn’t tell me I’d need my wife’s consent.”
Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. Desmond said to Michael that he had done everything that he was asked to do and that the District Judge didn’t tell him that he would need his wife’s consent as the requirement to get his children back.

23.	(Excerpt 23, page 17)
Speech event: Desmond and Michael still talked about Desmond’s case.
Michael	: “And of course, I’m only a solicitor. I’m not entitled to speak in a court case like this. We need a barrister, and they’re very expensive.”
Desmond	: “I don’t care how much does it costs. I’ll work around the clock if I have to.”
Michael	: “To fight the Church and state is to fight Goliath.”
Desmond	: “Yeah, David beat Goliath in the book I read.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Michael told to Desmond that he was only a solicitor and he didn’t have the right to speak in a court, and they needed a barrister which was so expensive. Desmond said that he didn’t care how much they cost, he would work around the clock if he had to, so that he got the money to pay a barrister. Michael tried to convince Desmond that it would be useless to fight the Church and the Irish state, just like to fight Goliath. But, Desmond believed that he would won, like David who beat Goliath.

24.	(Excerpt 24, page 18)
Speech event: on one rainy night, Desmond drove his car with his father sat beside him. They went to St. Joseph’s School, tried to kidnap Evelyn and took her home.
Henry	: “You’re an awful. I keep telling you not to drink and drive.”
Desmond	: “I’m not drinking and driving. I drank before I drove.”
That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Henry suggested Desmond not to drink and drive, and Desmond said to his father that he didn’t drink and drive but he drank before he drove the car.

25.	(Excerpt 25, page 19)
Speech event: after his attempt to kidnap his daughter was failed, Desmond went home. When he dried himself up, there was someone knocking the door. Desmond opened it, and Bernadette came to have visit.
Desmond	: “We’re saving up for a housekeeper. You know who’s suitable?”
Bernadette	: “It’s not a housekeeper you need. It’s a barkeeper. You know what your problem is, Desmond Doyle? You think all you have to do is smile with that cheeky twinkle in your eyes and everything will be grand. It’s time you grow up.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Desmond told Bernadette that he was saving up to find a housekeeper.

26.	(Excerpt 26, page 20)
Speech event: on the Desmond’s house.
Bernadette	: “Nick’s funny, and he’s more of ladies’ man than Oscar ever was.”
Desmond	: “Yeah, yeah, yeah. I get the message. You fancy him.”
Bernadette	: “Don’t tell me who I fancy. That’s for me to decide. What I don’t want is a drunkard who has some mad notion about something off with his kids to Scotland.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for stating. Desmond and Bernadette talked about Nick Barron, the man that Desmond saw in the Fergal’s. Nick was Bernadette’s friend. Bernadette said that Nick was funny, and Desmond stated that she fancy Nick.

27.	(Excerpt 27, page 21)
Speech event: still on Desmond’s house. Desmond planned to go to Scotland with his children. Bernadette found the tickets fell from Desmond’s coat, and she asked Desmond to give the tickets to her.
Bernadette	: “Give me the ferry tickets. I’ll take them back and get you a refund.”
Desmond	: “Jesus. Woman.”
Bernadette	: “You drive a hard bargain. Where are they?”
Desmond	: “Here you go.”
Bernadette	: “Thanks.”
Desmond	: “I always get sick on the ferry, anyway. I just think, you know, you and I … “

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Bernadette asked Desmond to give the tickets, and Desmond told her that in fact he always got sick on the ferry.

28.	(Excerpt 28, page 21)
Speech event: in Desmond’s house.
Bernadette	: “No. I said you have to given up the drink.”
Desmond	: “For God’s sake, that’s the hardest thing to do.”
Bernadette	: “The second hardest. Getting your family back is the hardest.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Bernadette asked Desmond to given up the drink, and Desmond said that it was the hardest thing to do.
29.	(Excerpt 29, page 22)
Speech event: one morning, Desmond came to Michael’s office. He had an appointment with Michael for his case. There, he met Michael’s secretary, Miss Gilhooly. She said that Michael sent him a letter that canceling their appointment, but Desmond didn’t get any letter.
Miss Gilhooly	: “The one canceling the appointment.”
Desmond	: “I didn’t get any letter. I’ve taken this morning especially off work to see him. This is my family we’re talking about. Where is he? Jesus!”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. Desmond came to Michael’s office, but he was not there. Michael canceled their appointment and Desmond didn’t know about that. He told Miss Gilhooly that he had taken that morning especially off worked to see Michael, and that was his family was talking about.

30.	(Excerpt 30, page 23)
Speech event: Desmond tried to find where Michael was, and finally he found Michael was fishing on a boat in a lake with his friend, Nicholas Barron. When Desmond walked in the forest near the lake, there was two dogs suddenly ran after him. Jaclyn, the owner of the dogs tried to stop them.
Jaclyn		: “Lilo! Higgi! Come on! Sorry, sir. It’s a trespasser.”
Michael	: “It’s alright. This is a client of mine.”
Jaclyn		: “A client, sir?”
Desmond	: “Yes! We have an appointment!”
Jaclyn	: “Please let us know in the future, sir, if you’re expecting a visitor.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. Michael said to Jaclyn that Desmond was his client. Desmond asserted that they had an appointment.

31.	(Excerpt 31, page 23)
Speech event: Desmond was standing on the shore of the lake while Michael and Nicholas were on the boat.
Michael	: “Desmond, be reasonable. I’m sorry I missed our appointment but there’s really nothing more I can do for you anymore.”
Desmond	: “Oh really? Your being sorry isn’t gonna get my kids back, now, is it? I’m sure the Yank here is having great fun seeing what a lot of bloody spineless jellyfish we’ve got over here. But ask yourself this, Mr. Big Shot. What is it was your family? Wouldn’t you fight tooth and nail to get them back? Or are you just another heartless, gutless bastard?”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Michael asked for Desmond apologize that he missed their appointment because he couldn’t do anything anymore for Desmond’s case. Desmond said that Michael’s being sorry wasn’t gonna get his children back, and he said that Nicholas was having fun with jellyfish on the lake.

32.	(Excerpt 32, page 24)
Speech event: Nicholas offered himself to be Desmond’s lawyer, and Desmond accepted the offer. After the deal, Desmond, Nicholas and Michael met in a restaurant to have lunch.
Nicholas	: “Does my being Yank bother you, Desmond?”
Desmond	: “Not at all. I like Yanks. Most of them were Irish to begin with, anyway. But, I can’t afford to pay you fancy money.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Desmond thought that Nicholas was a Yank, in fact he was Irish but he moved to United States. He asked his being Yank bother Desmond or not, and Desmond said that he liked Yank, because most of them were Irish.

33.	(Excerpt 33, page 25)
Speech event: Desmond, Nicholas and Michael visited Gob Shade, the Minister of Education. After they finished their business, they walked home together.
Nicholas	: “What we really need is an expert in family law to keep us right. You know?”
Desmond	: “I thought you were an expert.”
Nicholas	: “I haven’t done family law in 20 years. I’ve only working knowledge.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. On the way home, Nicholas asked about someone who was an expert in family law to help them still on the right track, and Desmond thought that Nicholas was an expert. In fact, Nicholas only had a working knowledge and he had not done family law in 20 years.

34.	(Excerpt 34, page 26)
Speech event: Nicholas still tried to find an expert in family law.
Nicholas	: “What was the name of that guy that lectured us about family law? Remember?”
Michael	: “Connolly. Tom Connolly.”
Desmond	: “There was a Connolly who played rugby for Ireland until his cartilage went. I think he did a bit of law in his spare time. Would that be him?”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. Nicholas asked the name of the man who lectured him and Michael family law, Michael said that it was Tom Connolly. Desmond knew a man named Tom Connolly, who was a former Irish rugby player, and he also did a little bit law in his spare time.

35.	(Excerpt 35, page 26)
Speech event: those three men tried to find Tom Connolly’s house. Finally, they found it, and found that Connolly were at home at that time.
Tom	: “I’m touched by your faith. This is the only Holy Spirit I’ve found to be of any practical assistance. Slainte.”
Desmond	: “You were a big hero to me as a boy, Mr. Connolly. To my dad, too. He took me to all your games. You see that photo there? I was at that game. The one where you got injured.”
Tom	: “That was the beginning of the end. When that big brute of a fullback did my cartilage in. He was English, of course, the bastard. Still, before I left the field I managed to boot him where his balls would have been, if he’d any.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Tom Connolly was a former of Irish rugby player, and Desmond considered him as a hero. When he was at Tom’s living room, he saw a photo of Tom. He told Tom that he was on that game, the one when Tom was got injured.

36.	(Excerpt 36, page 27)
Speech event: Desmond, Nicholas and Michael had just come to St. Joseph’s School to ask the return of Evelyn, officially.
Michael	: “It went like a dream. Desmond remembered all his lines, and spoke them beautifully. Laurence Oliver had better watch out.”
Bernadette	: “You didn’t attack a nun, then?”
Desmond	: “I did not. I’m learning the rule of the game.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. 

37.	(Excerpt 37, page 31)
Speech event: Desmond was lost on the assembly and he couldn’t get his children back. Then, he and his team went to Fergal’s. When they were there, a man named Joe O’Leary, a local bookmaker, came to them. He gave all his winnings to Desmond to help him and his team.
Joe	: “I didn’t feel right in keeping this so I want you to have it.”
Desmond	: “Jesus!”
Michael	: “My God!”
Joe	: “It’s only £ 600 so I thought it might go towards your court costs.”
Desmond	: “I don’t know how to say, Mr. O’Leary.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. O’Leary gave £ 600 of his winnings to Desmond to help him for his case, and Desmond was so surprised. He said to O’Leary that he didn’t know how to say when he received lots of money.

38.	(Excerpt 38, page 32)
Speech event: on the Fergal’s, when O’Leary gave his winnings to Desmond.
Joe	: “You don’t have to say anything, Mr. Doyle. You see, I grew up in an orphanage. I wish my dad have your guts. Good luck to you. Good night, all. Good night. We’re organizing a race next month. The Desmond Doyle Benefit Sweepstake.”
Desmond	: “Great.”
Joe		: “Put your money on Slippery Sam.”
Desmond	: “Slippery Sam.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for asserting. O’Leary said that he organized a race called The Desmond Doyle Benefit Sweepstake, and he told Desmond to put his money to Slippery Sam. 

39.	(Excerpt 39, page 34)
Speech event: one day, Desmond had an interview with Hugh Canning, on a TV program called “Interview With Canning”. Hugh Canning asked Desmond about Desmond’s preparation on the next assembly in the Supreme Court.
Hugh		: “And you’ll be taking on some pretty top people?”
Desmond	: “Yeah. We’re gonna call the Minister for Education as a witness.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for announcing. Desmond announced to Hugh Canning and the audience that he would call the Minister for Education as a witness on his next assembly to fight for his children.

40.	(Excerpt 40, page 35)
Speech event: still on the interview between Desmond and Hugh Canning.
Hugh	: “And I’ve often asked myself, “What drives Desmond Doyle?” Desmond?”
Desmond	: “I love my children. I’m sick of saying goodbye to them all the time. I just don’t want them to spend their whole childhood crying, you know.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Hugh canning asked Desmond what drove him doing all the things to get his children back. Desmond said that he loved his children. He didn’t want his children spending their whole time crying.

41.	(Excerpt 41, page 37)
Speech event: Desmond and his friends watched the dog race, the one that Joe O’Leary told him, The Desmond Doyle Benefit Sweepstake, and he followed O’Leary’s suggestion to put his money on Slippery Sam. The dog finally won the race. On the euphoria of the winning after the race, he made a conversation with Nicholas. They talked about Bernadette, the woman that they loved.
Desmond	: “I asked her to move in with me.”
Nicholas	: “Really?”
Desmond	: “Yeah.”
Nicholas	: “What did she say?”
Desmond	: “She said she’d think about it.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for informing. Desmond told Nicholas that he asked Bernadette to move in with him. Nicholas questioned him what Bernadette said, and Desmond said that she would think about it.

42.	(Excerpt 42, page 42)
Speech event: Desmond attended the assembly on the Supreme Court on his effort to get his three children back. Some people gave a testimony, including Sister Bridget who told to the court that Desmond threatened her when he came to St. Joseph’s School to meet his daughter, Evelyn. But not all of her testimony was the truth. Then, when the assembly stopped for a while for the break time, Desmond and his team gathered in a room.
Bernadette	: “Apart from the time you tried to punch Father O’Malley at Fergal’s.”
Desmond	: “That.”
Michael	: “And when you tried to kidnap your kids.”
Desmond	: “Yes, but I was drunk on both occasions.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for informing. Bernadette and Michael reminded him what he had done in the past time that he tried to punch Father O’Malley and tried to kidnap his children. Desmond told them that he was drunk when he did those things.

43.	(Excerpt 43, page 42)
Speech event: the assembly was continued and it was the turn for Desmond to give his testimony.
Desmond	: “So, you see, your lordship, I only shook Sister Bridget when I found out she’d beaten up my little girl.”
Wolfe		: “I object, your lordship.”

Those bold utterances indicate assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for explaining. When Sister Bridget gave her testimony to the court, she said that Desmond grabbed her throat, throttled her. Desmond then explained the situation when he did that to Sister Bridget. He explained that Sister Bridget beat his little daughter.

44.	(Excerpt 44, page 42)
Speech event: Desmond still gave his testimony to the court. Wolfe objected Desmond’s testimony, and Desmond said not as much as he objected, because he objected to anyone laying their finger to his daughter.
Lynch	: “Objection upheld. That’s Mr. Wolfe’s objection, not yours, Mr. Doyle. Continue with your testimony.
Desmond	: “Wouldn’t any father have done what I did? Evelyn’s face was all battered and bruised.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for explaining. Desmond explained that Evelyn’s face was battered and bruised after she beaten up by Sister Bridget.

45.	(Excerpt 45, page 42)
Speech event: Desmond continued his testimony.
Wolfe	: “Even as dubious kind of Catholic who finds himself throttling a nun you must know that the fundamental building block of our society is the family whose the very model is the Holy Family Jesus, Mary and Joseph. How can you, as a single father and as a Catholic possibly claim to bring up your children without a mother? There is absolutely no precedent of it in the religion in which you allegedly believe. Cat got your tongue, Mr. Doyle?”
Desmond	: “There is…there is a precedent, as you’d like to call it.”

That bold utterance indicates assertive illocutionary act, because it is used for stating. Wolfe said that there was no precedent for Desmond case, that a father brought the children on his own without a mother, because, according to Wolfe, the fundamental building of the Catholic society was the Holy Family Jesus, Mary, and Joseph. But, unpredictably, Desmond stated that there was a precedent for his case.

46.	(Excerpt 46, page 43)
Speech event: still on the Supreme Court when Desmond gave his testimony.
Wolfe		: “What are you saying?”
Desmond	: “The fundamental building of our faith is not the Holy Family, it’s the Holy Trinity, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. When my mother died, my father brought us up on his own with the only Holy Spirit to guide him. He used to say the Holy Spirit was love. Doesn’t the Holy Bible say, “…faith, hope and love, but the greatest of these is love”? I’ve given up the drink. I’ve worked all the hours God sends. I tried to become a better person and trying to fill myself with the Holy Spirit so I can bring kids up surrounded by love. No man can do more.”

Those bold utterances indicates assertive illocutionary act, because they are used for asserting. Desmond stated that there was a precedent for his case, and then he said that the fundamental building of the Catholic belief was not the Holy Family, but the Holy Trinity that was the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. He told the court that the precedent was on his father. When his mother died, his father brought him and his siblings on his father’s own, guided only with the Holy Spirit that was love. Desmond quoted one of the verses in the Holy Bible that the greatest between faith, hope and love is love. He said that he given up the drink, did hard works, tried to become a better person, and filled himself with the Holy Spirit so he could bring his children on his own.

4.2. 	Directive
The objective of this act is to make the addressee do something, such as requesting, ordering, inviting, and suggesting. It has another illocutionary verbs, such as ask, question, beg, demand, advise, propose, interrogate.
	Here is the analysis of directive utterances.
1.	(Excerpt 47, page 1)
Speech event: Desmond and his children were enjoying a Christmas Carol choir near their house, while Charlotte, Desmond’s wife was in somewhere else.
Desmond	: “Evelyn, you take the boys home. I’ll go find your mother.”
Evelyn		: “All right, Dad.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for asking. Desmond asked Evelyn to take her brothers to go home, while Desmond tried to find their mother.

2.	(Excerpt 48, page 2)
Speech event: on the morning of Christmas Day. Desmond and the children were on the living room when Henry, his father, came to his house.
Henry		: “Happy Christmas, everybody!”
Desmond	: “Al right, look what you’ve got there.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for asking. Henry came to Desmond’s house and he brought some Christmas gifts for his grandchildren, and Desmond asked his children to look what their granddad brought to them.

3.	(Excerpt 49, page 3)
Speech event: on St. Stephen’s Day December 26th, Charlotte, Desmond’s wife, left her husband and children, and she went with another man. Evelyn saw when her mother gone with the man, while Desmond was still asleep. Evelyn went to wake Desmond up and she told what was going on with her mother. Desmond and Evelyn then went to Daisy’s house to find his wife. Daisy was Charlotte’s mother.
Desmond	: “Who’s her fancy man? Is it the bastard that I saw her in the pub with?”
Daisy		:  “Your language is appalling.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond questioned Daisy who his wife’s fancy man was, whether it was the man that Desmond saw in the pub or not.

4.	(Excerpt 50, page 3-4)
Speech event: still on Daisy’s house, when Desmond debated with Daisy.
Daisy	: “I hope you don’t use language like that in front of your daughter.”
Desmond	: “Don’t tell me how to bring up my own daughter. You obviously know how sweet F.A about it. Where did she meet him? In the pub?”
Daisy	: “No. You’re the one who spends all his time there. No wonder she got sick of you.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond questioned Daisy where his wife met the fancy man, whether in the pub or not, and Daisy said no, only Desmond who spent all his time there.

5.	(Excerpt 51, page 4)
Speech event: at night in the day when Charlotte gone. Evelyn was in her bedroom. Desmond came to bring some meal and milk to Evelyn.
Desmond	: “Here you are, luv. Hot milk. Christmas pudding. You want some of these? It’s very nice.”
Evelyn		: “No.”
Desmond	: “Why not? You must be starving.”
Evelyn		: “She made it.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond brought milk and some meal for Evelyn, but Evelyn didn’t want to eat that, she only drunk the milk. Desmond questioned her why she didn’t want to eat, because Desmond thought that she must be starving. Evelyn said that her mother who made it.

6.	(Excerpt 52, page 4)
Speech event: Desmond and Henry watched the children playing with their friends around their house. Maurice was playing football with his boys.
Desmond	: “Maurice, give him the ball back.”
Henry		: “I hear her fancy man is English.”
Desmond	: “Bastard! I might have guessed.”

That bold utterance indicate directive illocutionary act, because it is used for asking. Desmond asked his son, Maurice, to give the ball back to his friend.

7.	(Excerpt 53, page 5)
Speech event: while Desmond and Henry watching the children playing, a man name Logan came to them. He paid a visit to Desmond after received a report about the abandon of Desmond’s wife and the condition that Desmond had no job to support his family.
Logan	: “Good day, gentlemen. I’m Inspector Logan of the SPCC. Mrs. Daisy, your mother-in-law, I believe, told us of your plight.”
Desmond	: “The SPCC? The Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children?”
Logan		: “Aye, that’s correct.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond questioned Logan what SPCC is.

8.	(Excerpt 54, page 5)
Speech event: Desmond still had the conversation with Logan.
Desmond	: “Is that bitch putting in a record that I’m cruel to my kids?”
Logan	: “No, not at all, Mr. Doyle. We only have the children’s welfare at heart. To lose their mother at this age can have a traumatizing effect.”
Desmond	: “How’s that any business of yours?”
Logan	: “Mr. Doyle, I’m here to help you. As I understand you’ve no income to support your family. Is that correct?”
Desmond	: “Yeah.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond questioned Logan whether his mother-in-law told Logan that Desmond was cruel to his children. Logan said that he only had the children’s welfare at heart. 

9.	(Excerpt 55, page 5)
Speech event: at first, Desmond rejected the offer from Logan. He wanted to bring his children on his own. But, finally, he agreed with what Logan and his father said.
Logan	: “Mr. Doyle, you have no job and no mother for your children.”
Henry		: “He’s right, son.”
Desmond	: “All right, send in the nuns.”

That bold utterances indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for ordering. Desmond finally agreed that Logan would rearranged for the Sisters to call to take care of his children, and Desmond ordered Logan to send the nuns to his house.

10.	(Excerpt 56, page 9)
Speech event: Desmond finally separated from his children. Evelyn was sent to St. Joseph’s School in Dublin, while her two brothers, Maurice and Dermot were sent to Christian Brother’s school in Kilkenny. Desmond was so desperate. He went to Fergal’s, tried to forget his problem.
Desmond	: “Give us another pint, please.”
Bernadette	: “You’ve had enough.”
Desmond	: “Listen to you. I’m sick of people telling me what to do. You just get us another pint.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for ordering. Desmond came to Fergal’s Pub and drunk more and more pint of beer. He ordered more pints to Bernadette, the barkeeper.

11.	(Excerpt 57, page 12)
Speech event: another day in the Fergal’s. Desmond and his father, Henry, had a performance there that night. Desmond was on the stage when a man came to Bernadette in the bar. He was Bernadette’s friend, Nicholas.
Desmond	: “Who’s the man in the sharp suit over there?”
Henry	: “Why should I know? He looks like Yank. Maybe he’s a friend of hers. Maybe he’s a chemist.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. When Desmond saw Nicholas came to the Fergal’s and came close to Bernadette, he asked his father who that man was, in the sharp suit. His father said that it might be a Yank, and a Bernadette’s friend, and he might be a chemist.

12.	(Excerpt 58, page 14)
Speech event: one day, Desmond got a letter from his daughter, Evelyn. She told his daddy that she had beaten up by Sister Bridget. Then, Desmond came to St. Joseph’s School to find Evelyn, and he intended to take Evelyn home with him.
Desmond	: “Where’s my daughter, Evelyn Doyle?”
Sister Bridget	: “Do you have an appointment?”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Arriving St. Joseph’s School, Desmond came into the school building. On the front room, he met Sister Bridget, but he didn’t realize yet that she was the nun who beat his daughter up. He asked where his daughter was, and Sister Bridget asked him about the appointment.

13.	(Excerpt 59, page 14)
Speech event: Desmond was still on the St. Joseph’s School, talked to Sister Bridget.
Desmond	: “I don’t need an appointment to see my own daughter. Who are you?”
Sister Bridget	: “I’m Sister Bridget.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Sister Bridget asked him about the appointment and Desmond said that he didn’t need any appointment to see his own daughter. Then, he asked Sister Bridget who she was, and she said that she was Sister Bridget.

14.	(Excerpt 60, page 15)
Speech event: Sister Bridget told Desmond where Evelyn was. She was on the refectory, on the first floor of the building. Desmond went there, and he met Sister Theresa in front of the refectory. He tried to meet Evelyn but Sister Theresa didn’t let him to see his daughter.
Sister Theresa	: “You must leave.”
Desmond	: “I’m not leaving without her.”
Sister Theresa	: “You know that’s impossible.”
Desmond	: “I’m having my daughter and you can’t stop me. Now, where is she?”
Sister Theresa	: “Mr. Doyle, you cannot barge in here…”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond was so stubborn that he compelled to meet Evelyn and took her home with him. He questioned Sister Theresa where Evelyn was.

15.	(Excerpt 61, page 15)
Speech event: Desmond still tried to get the permission to meet his daughter. Evelyn and her friends then came out from the refectory.
Evelyn	: “Daddy. Don’t fight, Daddy. Don’t fight with Sister Theresa.”
Desmond	: “It’s all right, luv. Don’t worry. Can I see her?”
Sister Theresa	: “Not if you’re going to run off with her. That’ll just get you arrested.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Evelyn saw her father talked to Sister Theresa and she asked him not to fight Sister Theresa. Desmond begged to Sister Theresa to see his daughter, but Sister Theresa wouldn’t give him permission if he would run off with her daughter.

16.	(Excerpt 62, page 15)
Speech event: the other day, Desmond met Michael in a city park.
Michael	: “I hear you’re doing well at your new job.”
Desmond	: “Yeah. My circumstances have been improved, as you would say. So, you’ll take the case, then?”
Michael	: “You’ve been drinking, haven’t you? I can smell it off your breath.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Michael once said to Desmond that he would take Desmond’s case when his circumstances were more favourable. Desmond already had a new job and he did well on it. Then, Desmond requested Michael to take over his case.

17.	(Excerpt 63, page 16)
Speech event: Michael came to the place where Desmond worked. He tried to explain how hard the situation for Desmond to get his children back. He needed some requirements so that he could get them.
Desmond	: “Who is this Gob Shade?”
Michael 	: “This is the Minister for Education. He’s claiming we require the consent of your wife for the release of your kids.”
Desmond	: “How can we get he consent when she’s disappeared? Even her pudding-faced old mother’s got no address.”
Michael	: “It’s the law. Yours is a unique case. Normally, the wife would be deceased.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. 

18.	(Excerpt 64, page 17)
Speech event: Desmond and his father were on the Fergal’s one day.
Desmond	: “It’ll be grand, I tell you. I’ve got it all worked out, Dad.”
Henry		: “Don’t worry about it.”
Desmond	: “Get us another pint.”
Henry		: “Get us another pint.”
Henry	: “You’ll have another one? I will. Make mine a large one, Bernadette. A pint for Desmond.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for asking. Desmond asked his father to get another pint for him, then his father came to Bernadette, asked her to get a large pint for Desmond.

19.	(Excerpt 65, page 19)
Speech event: one rainy night, the time after Desmond tried to kidnap his children, and he failed, Bernadette came to his house. She knocked the door and Desmond opened it.
Desmond	: “Bernadette! You’re drenched!”
Bernadette	: “That’ll be the rain. You’re one to talk. I just…”
Desmond	: “Come in. Sit yourself down.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for inviting. Bernadette came to Desmond’s house and she was all drenched. Then, Desmond invited her to come to the room.

20.	(Excerpt 66, page 19)
Speech event: Desmond had a conversation with Bernadette.
Desmond	: “We’re saving up for a housekeeper. You know anyone who’s suitable?”
Bernadette	: “It’s not a housekeeper you need. It’s a barkeeper. You know what your problem is, Desmond Doyle? You think all you have to do is smile with that cheeky twinkle in your eyes and everything will be grand. It’s time you grew up.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond said that he was saving up to get a housekeeper to help him to take care of the house. He questioned Bernadette whether she knew anyone suitable for that job. Bernadette said that he didn’t need a housekeeper but a barkeeper, it was her.

21.	(Excerpt 67, page 19-20)
Speech event: still on Desmond’s house.
Desmond	: “Ridiculous. I’ve got a lot on my mind.”
Bernadette	: “Like a trip to Scotland with your kids?”
Desmond	: “What? How do you know about that?”
Bernadette	: “Because the ticket fall out of your coats. An adult and three kids? Who could that be, I wonder? I knew you were up to something. You big idiot.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond planned to runaway to Scotland with his three children, and Bernadette knew what he would do. Desmond asked her how she knew about that and Bernadette said that the tickets fell from the pocket of his coat.

22.	(Excerpt 68, page 20)
Speech event: Desmond and Bernadette argued about Bernadette’s fancy man.
Bernadette	: “Don’t tell me who I fancy. That’s for me to decide. What I don’t want is a drunkard who has some mad notion about something off with his kids to Scotland.”
Desmond	: “Why should you care? What business is it of yours?”
Bernadette	: “Because I don’t want to have to visit you in prison.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Bernadette told to Desmond that she didn’t want a drunkard who was some mad notion about something off with his kids to Scotland to be her fancy man. Desmond questioned her why she should care about him, and Bernadette said that she didn’t want to have to visit Desmond in a prison.

23.	(Excerpt 69, page 21)
Speech event: Desmond and Henry did a performance in Fergal’s. After they finished the last song, Henry suddenly fell down and his body was sweating, and he looked so pale. Desmond was so shocked and the people in the pub couldn’t do anything.
Henry		: “Dessie, I …”
Desmond	: “Look at me. Are you okay? Dad, come on. Jesus! Dad! Someone, a doctor. Here, Johnny. Go and run for a doctor, quick! I’m here.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for asking. Desmond asked for someone’s help to get a doctor to help his father.

24.	(Excerpt 70, page 22)
Speech event: Henry was finally died after he got a heart attack that night on the last performance with Desmond in the Fergal’s. After Henry’s burial, Desmond and his three kids, Evelyn, Maurice and Dermot walked together.
Evelyn		: “Look, angel rays.”
Desmond	: “What’s angel rays, luv?”
Evelyn		: “It’s granddad letting us know he’s watching over us.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond and his three children walked under the trees and the sunlight came between the leaves of the trees. Evelyn told them that it was angel rays. Desmond confused with what Evelyn said, and he questioned her, what angel rays were. Evelyn said that it was their granddad let them knew he watched them.

25.	(Excerpt 71, page 22)
Speech event: one morning, Desmond came to Michael’s office. They should be had an appointment that day. But, when he was there, Michael’s secretary said that Michael sent him a letter that canceling their appointment, but Desmond said that he didn’t get any letter. Desmond then went to find where Michael was. Desmond found Michael was fishing in a lake with Nicholas. They both were on the boat. When Desmond tried to reach the lake through a forest near it, two dogs ran after him. Arriving the lake’s shore, Michael and Nicholas smile when saw the dogs ran after him.
Desmond	: “What the hell are you smirking at? Do you think this is funny? Do you think you can just cancel appointment and treat people like dirt?”
Nicholas	: “Mr. Doyle …”
Desmond	: “I’m not talking to you, Yank. All you’re good for’s wearing sharp suits, doing fancy deals and trying to get hands on our women. And our fish!”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond knew that those two men laugh because of the dogs ran after him, so he felt so angry. He questioned them what they smirk at. Then he asked Michael did he thought he could cancel their appointment and treat people like dirt. Nicholas would try to explain the situation, but before he said any words, Desmond cut the words.

26.	(Excerpt 72, page 23)
Speech event: the day after high-temper conversation in the lake, Desmond drove his car home. In fact, Nicholas waited for him near the house. Then, he talked to Desmond.
Nicholas	: “Congratulations. You just found yourself a lawyer.”
Desmond	: “Is that a fact now? Who?”
Nicholas	: “Me.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Nicholas told Desmond that he just found himself a lawyer for his case. Desmond questioned Nicholas who the lawyer was, and Nicholas said that he was the lawyer.

27.	(Excerpt 73, page 24)
Speech event: after the meeting between Desmond and Nicholas, they both had a lunch in a restaurant, and Michael also joined them.
Desmond	: “So, you’re not a chemist, then? How come you can work over here if you’re a Yank?”
Nicholas	: “Actually, I’m Irish. I was born reared in Kilkenny till I was 9, then we emigrated to the States and I subsequently came back here to study law at UCD.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Based on what his father said before he died, Desmond assumed that Nicholas was a chemist and a Yank. He questioned Nicholas, if he were a Yank how could he work in Ireland. Nicholas said that in fact he was Irish, and he was born reared in Kilkenny until he was 9 years old, then he emigrated to the United States. He came back to Ireland to study law at UCD.

28.	(Excerpt 74, page 26-27)
Speech event: Desmond, Nicholas and Michael have just visited Gob Shade, the Minister for Education. When they walked in the pavement, Nicholas told them that they needed an expert in family law. He tried to remember the man who taught him and Michael law, and Michael said that the name was Tom Connolly. Desmond said that there was a Connolly that he knew, the former Irish rugby player who did a bit of law in his spare time. Those three men then went to Tom Connolly’s house.
Tom	: “Anyway, lads, your case is interesting. Hopeless but interesting.”
Desmond	: “You really think it’s hopeless?”
Tom		: “This case is what I used to call “a real St. Jude.”
Nicholas	: “Why St. Jude?”
Tom		: “Because St. Jude is the patron saint of hopeless case.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Tom thought that Desmond’s case was so hopeless but interesting. Desmond asked him whether his case was really hopeless. Tom said that he used to call the case a real St. Jude, because St. Jude is the patron saint for hopeless case.

29.	(Excerpt 75, page 27)
Speech event: Desmond, Nicholas and Michael came to St. Joseph’s School and they met Sister Theresa in her office.
Desmond	: “I am Desmond Doyle, father of Evelyn Doyle, who’s been held without my consent. I request the return of my daughter, forthwith.”
Sister Theresa	: “Mr. Doyle, you cannot have your daughter.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for requesting. Desmond and his solicitor and his barrister came to St. Joseph’s School to request the return of Evelyn, officially. But Sister Theresa still didn’t allow him to have his daughter.

30.	(Excerpt 76, page 28)
Speech event: Desmond and his team started their strategy. They put an article about Desmond and his case on a newspaper. One day, Desmond, Nicholas, Michael and Tom walked together and they talked about what they have done and the result of it.
Nicholas	: “At least they’ve set a date for the hearing. That’s the first step.”
Tom	: “A little bit of gentle pressure did the trick. We had to give the Minister a kick up his fat ass.”
Desmond	: “What do we do now?”
Nicholas	: “You should smarten yourself up. The press might want photos of you.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond and his team did the trick. The Irish state had set a date for the hearing. Desmond questioned them what would they do after that, and Nicholas said that Desmond should smarten himself up, because the press might want his photos.

31.	(Excerpt 77, page 29)
Speech event: Desmond and the three other men talked about what Desmond should do for the hearing of his case.
Michael	: “Try to combing your hair, occasionally. Shave. Try not to look as you haven’t just fallen out of bed. Use me as a role model if you want to.”
Tom		: “And buy a new pair of shoes before we get to court.”
Desmond	: “New shoes?”
Tom	: “Yes. I’ve known judges who judge a man’s character by the state of his shoes.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Michael suggested Desmond to comb his hair and he should try not to look as he hasn’t just fallen out of bed. Tom asked him to buy a new pair of shoes because he has known judges who judge a man’s character by the state of his shoes.

32.	(Excerpt 78, page 36)
Speech event: Desmond was lost on the hearing on the court and he couldn’t get his children back. He and his team were gathering in the Fergal’s when Joe O’Leary, a local bookmaker, came to the pub and looked for Desmond. Fergal showed him where Desmond was, and then he went there. O’Leary came to Desmond and he gave all his winnings after he made a killing on the betting over Desmond’s case. He told Desmond that he didn’t feel right to keep the money, so he would like to give all his £ 600 winnings to Desmond to help him and his team with their expenses. He also told them that he would held a race called The Desmond Doyle Benefit Sweepstake, and asked Desmond to put his money on a dog named Slippery Sam. Desmond followed O’Leary suggestion and on the day of the race, Slippery Sam won it. Desmond saw O’Leary after the race.
Desmond	: “O’Leary, how did you know?”
Joe		: “Let’s say I knew he was hungry for a win.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond questioned O’Leary how he knew that Slippery Sam would win the race. O’Leary said that Slippery Sam hungry for a win.

33.	(Excerpt 79, page 36)
Speech event: on the euphoria after the race, Desmond and Nicholas talked about Bernadette, the woman that they loved.
Nicholas	: “Desmond, I’ve got a few bob, myself.”
Desmond	: “How’s it going with Bernadette, then?”
Nicholas	: “Great. In fact, I asked her to come back to America with me, when the case is over.”
Desmond	: “Really? What did she say?”
Nicholas	: “She said she’s think about it.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for questioning. Desmond questioned Nicholas how his relationship with Bernadette was, and Nicholas said that he asked Bernadette to come back to America with him when the case was over. Desmond questioned Nicholas what Bernadette said and he said that Bernadette would think about that.

34.	(Excerpt 80, page 41)
Speech event: it was the time for the assembly for Desmond’s case in the Supreme Court. Gob Shade and Sister Bridger gave their testimony in the court. Sister Bridget even said that one day Desmond came to St. Joseph’s School and looked for Evelyn. Sister Bridget said that Desmond grabbed her by the throat, throttled her. Few minutes after that, the assembly stopped for the break time. Desmond and his team came into a room in the court.
Desmond	: “Have I messed it up, then?”
Nicholas	: “You may have. We’ll, we’re just gonna have to show that this was an isolated incident not part of a pattern of behavior. I hope that was only such incident.”
Desmond	: “Of course it was.”

That bold utterance indicates directive illocutionary act, because it is used for questioning. Desmond and his team felt confused after they heard Sister Bridget’s testimony. Desmond questioned them had he messed that up. Nicholas said that he may have messed that up.

35.	(Excerpt 81, page 49)
Speech event: the court finally decided that Desmond could have his children back and he could bring them on his own. Bernadette became his wife. Desmond’s dream came true that he wanted his children home for Christmas. On a Christmas Day, Desmond, Bernadette and his three children were gathering on Desmond’s house. Evelyn played with her doll named Heidi.
Desmond	: “Children, come and sit down. Turkey’s ready. Evelyn, Maurice, Dermot, come and sit down, everybody.”
Maurice	: “I am starving.”
Desmond	: “Okay, crackers. Get a cracker, lads.”

Those bold utterances indicate directive illocutionary act, because they are used for inviting. Bernadette cooked a Christmas turkey for Desmond and the children. Desmond then invited the kids to come to the dining room to eat the turkey and to get a cracker.

4.3. 	Commisive
This act aims at urging the addresser to do something such as promising, swearing, threatening, and offering. It has some illocutionary verbs such as commit, swear, dedicate, guarantee, offer, promise, threat, reject, curse.
Here is the analysis of commisive utterances.
1.	(Excerpt 82, page 6)
Speech event: Desmond attended an assembly in the District Court, accompanied by his father, Henry. The District Judge decided that Evelyn would be committed to St. Joseph’s School in Dublin while Maurice and Dermot would be place under the care of Christian Brothers in Kilkenny. Desmond and Henry then came out from the court room to the waiting room where the kids waited for them.
The kids	: “Daddy!”
Dermot	: “I wanna go home.”
Desmond	: “I know you wanna go home. We’re gonna go home soon. Listen, I love you very much. You must understand that.”

That bold utterance indicates commisive illocutionary act, because it is used for promising. The kids said that they wanted to go home, and Desmond promised them that they would go home soon.

2.	(Excerpt 83, page 14)
Speech event: Evelyn sent a letter to Desmond, and she told him that Sister Bridget did something to her. Desmond then came to the St. Joseph’s School and there he first met Sister Bridget in the front room of the building.
Desmond	: “I don’t need an appointment to see my own daughter. Who are you?”
Sister Bridget	: “I’m Sister Bridget.”
Desmond	: “Are you? If ever lay a finger on my daughter again I will tear you from limb to limb. Now, where is she?”
Sister Bridget	: “In the refectory, on the first floor. Right.”

That bold utterance indicates commisive illocutionary act, because it is used for threatening. Desmond came into the building of St. Joseph’s School and he met a nun. He questioned her who she was, and the nun said that she was Sister Bridget. Knowing that she was the nun who beat his daughter up, he threatened her not to touch Evelyn again. If she laid a finger on his daughter again, he would tear Sister Bridget from limb to limb.

3.	(Excerpt 84, page 15)
Speech event: Desmond still begged to Sister Theresa to meet his daughter, Evelyn.
Evelyn	: “Daddy. Don’t fight, Daddy. Don’t fight with Sister Theresa.”
Desmond	: “It’s all right, luv. Don’t worry. Can I see her?”
Sister Theresa	: “Not if you’re going to run off with her. That’ll just get you arrested.”
Desmond	: “Okay, I promise. I just wanna hold her for a second. I give you my word, all right.”
Sister Theresa	: “Evelyn, your daddy’s here to see you.”

Those bold utterances indicate commisive illocutionary act, because they are used for promising. It was hard for Sister Theresa to let Desmond to meet his daughter, because she was afraid that Desmond would run off with Evelyn. But after Desmond made a promise to Sister Theresa that he just wanted to hold Evelyn for a second, she finally allowed Desmond to meet Evelyn.

4.	(Excerpt 85, page 15)
Speech event: finally, Desmond could meet his daughter and hold her.
Evelyn		: “Daddy, have you come to take me home?”
Desmond	: “Yes, I’ll be taking you home soon, pet. Very, very soon.”

Those bold utterances indicate commisive illocutionary act, because they are used for promising. Evelyn asked her daddy whether he had come to take her home or not, and Desmond made a promise to Evelyn that he would take her home very soon.

5.	(Excerpt 86, page 18)
Speech event: one rainy night, Desmond tried to kidnap his children. He drove his car to the dormitory school, and his father sat beside him. Desmond failed to do that. Then, he went home. When he dried himself up, the door was knocked by someone, and he opened it. Bernadette came to his house.
Desmond	: “Bernadette! You’re drenched!”
Bernadette	: “That’ll be the rain. You’re one in talk. I just…”
Desmond 	: “Come in. suit yourself down.”
Bernadette	: “It’s okay. I’m not staying.”
Desmond	: “All right. Suit yourself. I’ll get you a towel, a clean one.”
That bold utterance indicates commisive illocutionary act, because it is used for offering. Bernadette came to Desmond’s house and she was drenched. Desmond invited her to come to the house, and he offered a clean towel for Bernadette.

4.4. 	Expressive 
This act expresses the addresser’s psychological state as thanking, apologizing, welcoming, praising, and congratulating. It has another illocutionary verbs such as fear, regret, greet, congratulate, satisfy, shock, grateful, cheer.
Here is the analysis of the expressive utterances.
1.	(Excerpt 87, page 2)
Speech event: Henry, Desmond’s father, came to Desmond’s house on Christmas Day. He visited his grandchildren and brought them some Christmas gifts. At night, Desmond and Henry sat in the living room.
Desmond	: “No money, no job. Happy Christmas.”
Henry	: “I’ll ask you to look on the bright side, son. From the New Year, you’ll have a new job. You and the kids will be settled. The world will be your oyster. We never died in a winter yet.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for greeting. Desmond gave his father a Christmas greeting.

2.	(Excerpt 88, page 10)
Speech event: Desmond was so desperate after the District Judge decided to send his children to the dormitory school. Evelyn was sent to St. Joseph’s School and his two sons, Maurice and Dermot placed under the care of Christian Brothers in Kilkenny. At night, he went to Fergal’s to get more pints for himself. When he was there, Father O’Malley came into the pub, asking for the charity of the people in the pub. Desmond yelled at him that he made his three children orphans. And Desmond tried to punch Father O’Malley, but Father O’Malley tried to defense himself and he punched Desmond.
Father O’Malley	: “I’m sorry, Desmond. I was the seminary boxing champion.”
Desmond		: “Really?”
Father O’Malley	: “Let that be a lesson to you. Never underestimate the strength of the church militant. God bless.”
Desmond		: “Thanks, Father.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for thanking. Father O’Malley said sorry that he punched Desmond. He said that he was the boxing champion when he was on the seminary. He asked Desmond not to underestimate the strength of the church militant. Before he left Desmond, he blessed Desmond. Desmond thanked to Father O’Malley for blessing him.

3.	(Excerpt 89, page 11)
Speech event: after Father O’Malley left him, Bernadette, the barkeeper of Fergal’s, helped him to cure the pain. Bernadette knew about Desmond’s problem that he was separated from his children. She suggested Desmond to go and meet Michael Beattie, her brother who became a solicitor.
Bernadette	: “Tell him Bernadette Beattie sent you, you cheeky oaf. Bernadette Beattie, his little sister. I’m working here part time to help Uncle Fergal. I’m a trainee chemist, actually.”
Desmond	: “So, you’re the beautiful niece Fergal’s always bragging about. I bet you have lot of fellows running after you.”
Bernadette	: “Yes, but none of them have managed to catch me yet.”
Desmond	: “You’re not a bad looking woman, now that I look at you. Of course with this bump on my head, I’m probably hallucinating.”
That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for praising. When Bernadette told Desmond that she was the sister of Michael Beattie and she was the Fergal’s niece, Desmond knew that she was the Bernadette that had been bragging about by so many men. Desmond praised her that she was not a bad looking woman, in other word, she was beautiful.

4.	(Excerpt 90, page 20)
Speech event: in the other day, Bernadette came to Desmond’s house. It was rain. Bernadette found the tickets to go to Scotland fell from Desmond’s coat. She asked Desmond to give her the tickets and she would get a refund for Desmond.
Bernadette	: “Don’t tell me who I fancy. That’s for me to decide. What I don’t want is a drunkard who has some mad notion about something off with kids to Scotland.”
Desmond	: “Why should you care? What business is it of yours?”
Bernadette	: “Because I don’t want to have to visit you in prison.”
Desmond	: “Has anybody told you you’re a fine woman?”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for praising. Bernadette said that she didn’t want a drunkard who had some mad notion about something off with his kids to Scotland. Desmond questioned her why she should care of him, and Bernadette said that she didn’t want to have to visit Desmond in prison. Desmond said that she was a fine woman.

5.	(Excerpt 91, page 21)
Speech event: one other night, Desmond and his father gave a performance in the Fergal’s. They sang some songs to entertain the people in the pub. 
Desmond	: “Good night and joy be with you all.”
A man		: “Good man, Des. Lovely. Good man.”
Henry	: “Thanks very much, everyone. You’ve been wonderful. God bless you all. We hope to see you again next week. Okay. God bless. Good night.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for greeting. At the end of his performance, Desmond said good night to the audience and joy would be with them all.

6.	(Excerpt 92, page 22)
Speech event: Desmond’s performance at that night was the last performance of Desmond and his father, because after the performance, Henry died because of the heart attack. In the day of Henry’s burial, Desmond walked with his three children.
Evelyn		: “Look, angel rays.”
Desmond	: “What’s angel rays, luv?”
Evelyn		: “It’s granddad letting us know he’s watching over us.”
Desmond	: “Good old dad. I know he wouldn’t leave us.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for praising. Henry taught Evelyn that shafts of sunlight are the angel rays sent to protect. And when they walked under the trees near the cemetery, there was the sunlight came between the leaves, Evelyn told him that it was angel rays. Desmond questioned her what angel rays were, and she said that it was their granddad let them knew that he was watching them. Desmond said that Henry was a good dad for him.

7.	(Excerpt 93, page 24)
Speech event: one day, Desmond drove his car home. There, Nicholas waited him and he told Desmond that he would be his lawyer for Desmond’s case. Then, Desmond, Nicholas and Michael had dinner together in a restaurant.
Desmond	: “Not at all. I like Yanks. Most of them were Irish to begin with, anyway. But I can’t afford to pay you fancy money.”
Nicholas	: “I’m not doing this for money. You’ll just have to raise enough to cover our costs.”
Desmond	: “Right. I really appreciate your help, so I do.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for appreciating. Desmond said that he couldn’t pay Nicholas for being his lawyer, but Nicholas said that he did that not for money. He just asked Desmond to raise his circumstances so that they could cover their case’s costs. Desmond was so appreciated with what Nicholas did for him.

8.	(Excerpt 94, page 29)
Speech event: Desmond and his team did the trick with putting an article about him and his case. The Irish state then set a date for the hearing. On the day of the hearing in the court, Desmond met Evelyn and his two sons, Maurice and Dermot. They came in a car.
The kids	: “Daddy!”
Desmond	: “My loves! You look wonderful.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for praising. Desmond was so happy that he could meet his children. He praised his children for they looked wonderful that day.

9.	(Excerpt 95, page 29)
Speech event: still before the hearing begun. Desmond and his children were standing in front of the court building.
Evelyn		: “Daddy, I like your new shoes.”
Desmond	: “Thanks, Evelyn.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for thanking. Evelyn said that she liked Desmond’s new shoes, and Desmond thanked her for that.

10.	(Excerpt 96, page 43)
Speech event: Desmond and his team took the case to the Irish Supreme Court, and that was the day of the assembly. Some people gave their testimony as the witnesses including Evelyn. She walked into the court room and she saw her daddy sat over there.
Desmond	: “Hello, love. Your hair.”
Evelyn		: “I told them to cut it. Don’t you like it?”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for greeting. Desmond saw his little daughter walked between the chairs in the court to give her testimony, and he greeted her.

11.	(Excerpt 97, page 43)
Speech event: Desmond talked to Evelyn before she gave her testimony in the court.
Desmond	: “It’s lovely pet. It suits you.”
Evelyn		: “You’ve got your new shoes on again.”
Desmond	: “Yes, yes. You’ve got to go now.”

That bold utterance indicates expressive illocutionary act, because it is used for praising. Desmond was so proud with Evelyn’s hair, because it was so beautiful. When Evelyn was on the St. Joseph’s School, Evelyn had Sister Felicity to cut her hair, like Sister Bridget did to the other girl. Evelyn came to the court with her new hair, and she asked her daddy whether he liked it or not. Desmond said that her hair was so lovely and it was suited her.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1  Conclusion
Based on the data analysis on the previous chapter, it can be concluded that Desmond produced 297 utterances which is divided into four kinds of illocutionary acts.
They are divided into 176 assertive utterances, 96 directive utterances, 7 commisive utterances, and 18 expressive utterances. There are no declaration utterances in this research. Here, Desmond mostly used assertive on his utterances, because on the story Desmond fought so hard to get his children back and he produced so many statement, explanation and also assertion to his hearer in the effort to get his children.

5.2  Suggestion  
	In this research, the researcher chooses a movie to be analyzed. Other researchers should develop and find another material to be analyzed such as interview or a play.
	The research only focuses on illocutionary act, which is one of the pragmatics studies, and the researcher analyzed direct and indirect illocutionary act, and speech function. The researcher suggests those who are interested in conducting the similar research to analyze the other types of pragmatics study.

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